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Query: UMLS:C0011881 (diabetic nephropathy)
 10,836 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Combined kidney-pancreas transplantation has become the treatment of choice for many patients with end-stage diabetic nephropathy. Pancreas transplantation (PTx) alone is an option for type I diabetic patients without end-stage diabetic nephropathy. Knowledge of factors contributing to or predicting the rate of renal deterioration (including the effect of CsA on the patient's renal function before transplantation) is necessary to determine candidacy for either kidney-pancreas transplantation or PTx alone. To address this issue, we selected 12 pre-uremic patients with creatinine clearances (CrCl) above 40 ml/min and less than 100 ml/min to participate in a 6-week oral CsA challenge test. Serum chemistries, including serum creatinine (SCr) and CsA level, were measured weekly. Urinary protein and CrCl were measured at 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (by 125I-sodium iothalamate clearance) was measured at 0, 3, and 6 weeks. All patients initially received oral CsA at 10 mg/kg/day in 2 divided doses. Doses were adjusted to maintain a 12-hr trough level of 500-1000 ng/ml using a whole blood polyclonal TDX assay. Data are presented as mean +/- SEM and as box-plot graphs. One patient was a CsA challenge test failure because SCr exceeded 3.0 mg/dl despite a reduction in CsA dose and level. Therefore, this patient was not a candidate for PTx alone and was excluded from further analysis. Among the 11 nonfailures, the mean CsA level at 6 weeks was 640 +/- 76 ng/ml. SCr increased from 1.2 +/- 0.1 mg/dl to 1.6 +/- 0.1 mg/dl (33% increase) (P = 0.0001). CrCl decreased from 82 +/- 9 ml/min to 63 +/- 8 ml/min (24% decrease) (P = 0.03). GFR decreased from 95 +/- 15 ml/min to 70 +/- 10 ml/min (26% decrease) (P = 0.009). CrCl and GFR did not differ from one another at 0 and 6 weeks (r = 0.77 and 0.98; P = 0.3 and 0.7, respectively). Urinary protein decreased from 1.0 +/- 0.3 g/day to 0.7 +/- 0.3 g/day at both 4 and 6 weeks (P = 0.03 and 0.06, respectively). Three of the 11 patients have not yet received transplants. Eight patients subsequently received PTx alone and were followed prospectively. Two allografts were lost early to rejection. Six were followed from 5 to 19 months after PTx alone. Serum creatinine and CrCL measurements during the CsA challenge test predicted post-PTx levels: SCr 1.6 +/- 0.1 vs. 1.7 +/- 0.3 mg/dl, P = 0.48, and CrCl 68 +/- 10 vs. 53 +/- 3 ml/min, P = 0.17, respectively.
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PMID:Cyclosporine challenge in the decision of combined kidney-pancreas versus solitary pancreas transplantation. 800 95

PKT has become an important option in selected IDDM patients being considered for kidney transplantation because of its ability to offer superior glycemic control and improved quality of life. As both kidney graft survival and overall mortality are comparable following PKT and kidney transplantation alone at many centers, neither the survival of the patient nor the success of the kidney transplant need be jeopardized by the addition of a pancreas graft. The greater morbidity of PKT can be justified by the evidence that a pancreas graft will prevent recurrent diabetic nephropathy, result in greater improvements in sensory/motor neuropathy, and in some but not all studies, cause greater stabilization of eye disease. Improvements in lipid profiles observed after PKT but not after kidney transplant alone may predict better cardiovascular outcomes as well. Determination of who should receive an isolated pancreas transplant is more complex. Success rates are lower than after PKT. It remains important to ascertain that the candidate is susceptible to diabetic complications, or has repeated bouts of hypoglycemia or ketoacidosis unresponsive to other measures to justify the risks of long-term immuno-suppression. More difficult to determine is whether or when individuals who have advancing diabetic complications yet relatively preserved renal function (creatinine clearance > 70 mL/min) should become candidates. For now, each individual is considered on a case by case basis and the relative risks and benefits for each individual are carefully assessed. However, patient selection will be greatly aided by further research assessing the long-term risks and benefits of all types of pancreas transplantation. Pancreas transplantation will remain an important option in the treatment of IDDM until alternative strategies are developed that can provide equal glycemic control with less or no immunosuppression or less overall morbidity. Most of the research to date has concentrated on the consequences of pancreas transplantation on microvascular complications. However, cardiovascular disease events represent the greatest cause of mortality in pancreas transplant candidates. Thus, changes in cardiovascular risk after pancreas transplantation may be more important to long-term survival than any other factor and should receive greater attention in future studies.
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PMID:Consequences of pancreas transplantation. 852 Oct 25

Pancreas transplantation is the only therapeutic measure currently available to achieve long term normoglycemia and normal HbA1 levels in diabetic patients. A live long immunosuppression with it's side effects is the price payed for that treatment. Like in renal transplantation an alternative treatment is available for potential pancreas transplant recipients so that most transplant centers are willing to perform pancreas transplantation as a combined kidney pancreas transplantation in patients with diabetic nephropathy only. This article reviews indications, technique, results and complications of simultaneous kidney pancreas transplantation and pancreas after kidney transplantation.
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PMID:[Pancreas transplantation--indication, technique and results]. 868 61

Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPK) has become an accepted therapy for the treatment of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and renal failure from diabetic nephropathy. The procedure has evolved over the last twenty years, and refinements in technique, better organ preservation solutions, and more potent immunosuppressive therapies have improved one-year graft-survival rates to 81% for the pancreas and 88% for the kidney (International Pancreas Transplant Registry Data-1996). Proper patient selection is important, given the increased complexity of the procedure, the increased need for immunosuppression, and the need for compliance with postoperative medications and monitoring. The benefits of a successful SPK include more physiologic glucose metabolism and freedom from dialysis. This review will describe the indications and selection process for potential candidates, outline the procedure and postoperative care, and discuss the potential impact on secondary complications of diabetes mellitus. It will then discuss results and complications from the use of current protocols and immunosuppression at the University of California at San Francisco.
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PMID:Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation: an overview of indications, complications, and outcomes. 992 30

Pancreas transplantation is being performed with increasing frequency and increasing technical success. The availability of new immunosuppressant agents has been associated with a reduction in the previously high rates of allograft rejection in recipients of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants. These lower rejection rates have, in turn, led to changes in surgical techniques and a resurgence of interest in isolated pancreas transplantation--either in nonuremic patients or, more commonly, in patients who have already received a prior kidney transplant. Pancreas transplantation has emerged as an important option for the management of patients with type I diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy.
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PMID:Kidney-pancreas transplantation for diabetic nephropathy. 1074 60

Hyperglycemia is an important factor in the development and progression of the complications of diabetes. Pancreas transplantation is currently the only method able to achieve sustained normoglycemia in type I diabetes. By now, this procedure has become an accepted treatment option combined with kidney transplantation for selected patients with end-stage diabetic nephropathy. The definite benefits of pancreas transplantation comprise relieve from insulin administration, superb glycemic control, improved quality of life and long-term survival of patient with severe autonomic neuropathy. Presumed benefits represent stabilization or slowing of progression of microvascular complications. Definite disadvantages are the risk of the surgical procedure, graft rejection and the necessity of permanent immunosuppression. Isolated pancreas transplantation in nonuremic type-1 diabetic patients is still controversial. Diabetic complications of the potential recipient have to be potentially correctable by the transplantation and their significance must exceed all risks of the operation and life-long immunosuppression. Currently, approx. 25 combined transplants are performed per year in IKEM with the results comparable to those reported by the International Pancreas Transplant Registry. Seven nonuremic type-1 diabetic recipients of 8 operated in IKEM by June 2000 have been insulin-independent for 1-33 months. The main indication for isolated pancreas transplantation is brittle diabetes with hypoglycemia unawareness syndrome and labile diabetes with severe autonomic neuropathy and rapid progression of microangiopathy despite appropriate intensified insulin therapy.
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PMID:[Pancreas transplantation: who and when?]. 1137 22

Pancreas transplantation started in December 1966 at the University of Minnesota but the number of transplants eventually increased in the early 1980s for two main reasons: the refinement in surgical techniques and the advent of cyclosporine. In that period, we moved from segmental grafts (duct injection, open-duct, pancreaticojejunostomy on a Roux-en-Y loop) to whole pancreaticoduodenal transplants with bladder and enteric drainage of the exocrine secretion. Despite its toxic effect at high dosage, cyclosporine was the basic immunosuppressive therapy and helped to develop the principle of the combination therapy as well as the pancreas transplantation field. Today, simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation is the gold standard procedure for end-stage type 1 diabetic nephropathy recipients.
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PMID:The use of cyclosporine in renal and pancreas transplantation. 1504 67

Diabetic nephropathy affects both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients with a frequency of 20-30%. The first sign is microalbuminuria within a range of 30-300 mg/24h, frequently evolving towards frank proteinuria and renal failure. Tight glucose control, control of arterial hypertension with the use of ACEi or ARB can retard progression. Once renal failure is established, kidney transplantation can be considered for type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Quality of life and survival are improved with this procedure. In type 1 diabetes, simultaneous grafting of a kidney and pancreas considerably improves quality of life and diabetic complications. Surgical and infectious complications are sporadic drawbacks of this procedure. Pancreas transplantation alone (PTA) remains controversial, since a retrospective study in 2003 by Venstrom concluded that survival for PTA patients is worse than for comparable patients remaining on the waiting list. PTA can be considered for type 1 diabetic patients without advanced renal failure with severe and frequent metabolic instability (hypoglycaemia, ketoacidosis). Islet transplantation is still an experimental but promising procedure in highly selected patients, avoiding major abdominal surgery.
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PMID:Transplantation as a therapeutic option for diabetic nephropathy. 1546 8

In Italy, referral of diabetic patients for pancreas transplantation (PT) is an unstructured process, resulting in a low rate of activity and late referrals, often when the patient has already undergone dialysis. In addition, the continuous improvement in pancreas transplant alone, offering the opportunity to reduce cardiovascular risk due to proteinuria and reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), is rarely appreciated. We therefore analyzed (1) referral activity to PT during the time frame 2001-2005 in Emilia-Romagna, Italy (four million inhabitants), by collecting ICD 9 CM codes (55.69 + 52.80; 52.86 and 52.80 alone) by residence of the patient; (2) demand for PT among a sample population of 1670 diabetes patients, whose charts were reviewed for the type of diabetes and presence of overt diabetic nephropathy (DN: proteinuria >300 mg/24 h and/or GFR <60 mL/min); (3) potential pancreas availability as the ratio between pancreas and hearts utilized (UP/HR) in different areas of our country. As a results, (1) referral activity reached 8.4 PT per million people in 5 years in the whole region, ranging from 2.6 in the province where a PT program is active, to a maximum value of 20.7 in the province where a devoted outpatient clinic is operated by nephrologists. (2) Prevalence of overt DN was 6% in our cohort, corresponding to 510 D1 patients worthy of evaluation for PT inside Emilia-Romagna region. (3) During 2006, UP/HR was 0.58 in Associazione Inter-Regionale Trapianti agency, 1.16 in Tuscany, 0.30 in Piedmont, and 0.26 in our region. Taken together, our data showed that (1) the referral of D1 to PT has to be empowered, keeping in touch with all patients suffering from diabetic nephropathy; (2) the outpatient clinic devoted to evaluation and recruitment of D1 with nephropathy plays the key role in this program of timely and widespread referral; (3) the availability of pancreata can be increased by utilizing broader criteria for harvesting, increased consent rate to donation and increased the demand for PT (recipient pool). Pancreas grafts need to increase, since the current low demand produces underutilization of the pancreas resource, due to the frequent lack of a suitable recipient.
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PMID:Pancreas transplantation inside Emilia-Romagna, Italy: referral pattern, demand forecasting, and organ availability. 1867 21

Pancreas transplantation (PTx) is the only available treatment which is able to restore normoglycemia without exposing patients to the risks of severe hypoglycemia, thus allowing testing the effects of very long-term euglycemia in preventing, halting and reversing diabetic nephropathy (DN). Pancreas and islet transplantation in animal models have been shown to prevent, ameliorate or reverse the development of DN lesions. PTx, performed simultaneously or shortly after kidney transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes prevents the recurrence of diabetic glomerulopathy lesions in the renal allograft. To test whether DN lesions are reversible in humans, we studied renal structure before and 5 and 10 years after PTx in nonuremic patients with long-term type 1 diabetes, with mild to advanced DN lesions at baseline. Diabetic glomerular lesions were not significantly changed at 5 years after PTx, but were markedly improved after 10 years. Indeed, in most patients glomerular structure had returned to normal at 10-year follow-up. These pancreas transplant studies also showed that remodeling of the tubulointerstitium and decrease in interstitial collagen was possible. Thus, the lesions of DN are reversible by long-term normoglycemia, and that it is possible in humans associated with substantial architectural remodeling and healing of glomerular, tubular, and interstitial structures.
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PMID:Effects of pancreas transplantation on the prevention and reversal of diabetic nephropathy. 2165 76


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