Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The prevalence of arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) of the legs was determined by a battery of noninvasive tests in 141 insulin-dependent and 289 non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects and in 64 other subjects. The prevalence of detectable ASO ranges from 18% in the younger IDDM group to 41% in the diet-treated NIDDM group. The prevalence of ASO increases 7.5% per decade, appears to increase 6.5% in the age-adjusted IDDM group, 9% in males, 19% in those with hypertension, and 12% in smokers. No consistently significant correlations with fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, or obesity were found. After accounting for the effect of smoking, the increased risk for ASO in males becomes nonsignificant.
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PMID:Arteriosclerosis obliterans and associated risk factors in insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes. 742 28

Zinc status was assessed in patients with type II diabetes mellitus and congestive heart failure (CHF). Three groups of patients were enrolled into the study: Group 1: 15 patients with type II diabetes mellitus and CHF; Group 2: 20 patients with isolated type II diabetes mellitus; and Group 3: nine patients with isolated CHF. Twenty-four-hour urine was measured for creatinine, protein, and zinc, and blood was drawn for creatinine, proteins, liver enzymes, hemoglobin A1c, and zinc. Insulin treatment and hemoglobin A1c were comparable in the diabetic patients of groups 1 and 2, but group 1 was also treated with captopril and diuretics like the CHF patients of group 3. Plasma zinc levels were statistically similar in all three groups, but urinary zinc excretion (mumol/24 h) and urinary zinc: creatinine (mumol/mmol) ratio were significantly higher in the type II diabetics and CHF group (27.2 +/- 1.5; 1.69 +/- 0.6, respectively) compared to the diabetic patients alone (19.4 +/- 0.76; 0.97 +/- 0.3, respectively) and the CHF patients (9.7 +/- 0.3; 0.62 +/- 0.3, respectively). and the CHF patients (9.7 +/- 0.3; 0.62 +/- 0.3, respectively). Patients with type II diabetes mellitus and CHF were treated with higher doses of captopril than the CHF patients (56.25 +/- 24 mg vs 18.8 +/- 11 mg P < 0.05). Thus, patients with type II diabetes mellitus and CHF excrete larger amounts of zinc, which may eventually lead to zinc deficiency.
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PMID:Type II diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, and zinc metabolism. 750 74

Effects of 12 months of simvastatin treatment were examined in 48 NIDDM patients with total serum cholesterol levels exceeding 220 mg/dl and were compared with those in 35 nondiabetic patients with hypercholesterolemia. In the diabetic group, 5-10 mg of simvastatin given once daily at bedtime significantly lowered total cholesterol (21%). LDL cholesterol (28%), apoB (15%) and triglycerides (8%) levels. These changes were identical to those in the nondiabetic group, except for triglycerides which did not change significantly. HDL cholesterol increased significantly in the nondiabetic group but not in the diabetic group. The reductions in LDL cholesterol and apoB in hypercholesterolemic patients with NIDDM were not influenced by gender, age, glycemic control, the presence or absence of systemic hypertension, obesity and overt proteinuria. In addition, the decrease in LDL cholesterol was not affected by the number of risk factors per patient. Simvastatin did not significantly alter hemoglobin A1c or fasting plasma glucose and was well tolerated in both groups. Simvastatin produced beneficial effects on serum lipids and apolipoproteins and neutral effects on glycemic control in hypercholesterolemic patients with NIDDM, whether or not they had an additional atherosclerotic risk factor.
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PMID:Long-term effects of simvastatin in hypercholesterolemic patients with NIDDM and additional atherosclerotic risk factors. Hyogo Simvastatin Study Group. 764 76

The study was conducted on 30 NIDDM patients with type II hyperlipoproteinemia. They consisted of 13 males and 17 females with the mean (+/- S.D.) age of 60.6 +/- 7.6 year. They were treated with a daily dose of 10 mg pravastatin given orally twice a day for 16 weeks. Their mean (+/- S.D.) serum TC, LDL-C, TG and HDL-C levels at week 0 were 259.7 +/- 22.6, 177.4 +/- 20.3, 173.9 +/- 62.3 and 44.0 +/- 9.9 mg/dl respectively. After receiving pravastatin the maximal reduction of TC, LDL-C and TG was 22.9, 31.2 and 17.1 per cent with statistical significant difference from the baseline. The maximal increment of HDL-C was 11.9 per cent, also showing statistical significant difference from the baseline. Plasma glucose, serum fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin were not affected by pravastatin. There were no significant changes in the patients' body weight and other biochemical parameters except for one case who had transient slight increase in transaminase during pravastatin treatment. These results indicate that pravastatin is an effective and safe drug in diabetic patients with hypercholesterolemia.
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PMID:Clinical evaluation of pravastatin in the treatment of type II hyperlipidemia in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 764 27

Glucose control in NIDDM is prone to progressive deterioration due to secondary failure to oral hypoglycemic therapy. Insulin may subsequently be required for optimal control in spite of peripheral hyperinsulinemia. In Mexico, diabetes associated with obesity is common. We therefore designed a prospective study combining insulin and chloropropamide in order to evaluate any improvement in insulin response to a standardized meal load and a consequent amelioration of glucose control. METHODS. Twenty diabetic patients with secondary failure to full doses of hypoglycemic drugs and moderate hyperglycemia were recruited. Therapy was initiated with human insulin 20 IU/day and 500 mg cholopropamide, titrating insulin dosage in order to achieve euglycemia. Before treatment and at the end of the study period, a glucose/insulin/C peptide response curve to a mixed standardized meal was performed. Blood glucose, serum lipids fructosamine and glycosylated hemoglobin levels were also determined. All patients were followed by capillary glucose measurements three times a week and glucose and fructosamine concentrations every two weeks during the study period. RESULTS. All patients required less insulin, and glucose control improved significantly. Glucose, fructosamine and glycosylated hemoglobin levels decreased from 262 mg/dL, 369 mmol/L and 14% to 111 mg/dL, 252 mmol/L, and 8% respectively; all differences were statistically significant. Insulin and C peptide levels increased significantly from 22.2 mU/mL and 1.65 ng/mL to 29.8 mU/mL and 1.97 ng/mL, respectively. When we measured the area under the curve, total values improved from 110 and 7.69 to 127 and 9.37, respectively; this was also statistically significant. Lipids levels decreased significantly, including triglicerides, total and LDL cholesterol whereas HDL cholesterol levels increased. CONCLUSIONS. Glucose control improved in our patient cohort the pancreatic insulin response probably due to a more adequate glycemic microenvironment and a possible enhanced exogenous and endogenous insulin function.
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PMID:[Response of insulin and C-peptide to a mixed meal in non-insulin-dependent diabetics treated with insulin and chlorpropamide]. 777 12

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is suggested to be an important enzyme for modulating the bioactivity of insulin, but its clinical significance in diabetes mellitus (DM) is not yet characterized. We measured the serum levels of ADA isoenzymes (ADA1 and ADA2) in healthy donors (HD, n = 52), insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, n = 53) patients and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, n = 65) patients. The mean serum level of ADA1 in HD, IDDM or NIDDM patients was, respectively 6.5, 8.1 or 9.5 units/l (P < 0.001 vs. HD) and that of ADA2 in HD, IDDM or NIDDM patients was 7.0, 14.9 (P < 0.001 vs. HD) or 11.2 units/l (P < 0.001 vs. HD), respectively. Normalization of the blood glucose level by the hospitalization was associated with the decrease in ADA2 (but not ADA1) activity in 6 of 8 IDDM or 11 of 12 NIDDM poorly controlled patients. ADA2 (but not ADA1) activity in the poorly controlled NIDDM patients directly correlated with the hemoglobin A1c level (P < 0.002). Measurement of serum ADA2 activity may be important to better understand the clinical aspects of both IDDM and NIDDM. The pathogenic role of elevated ADA activity in the sera of DM patients was addressed.
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PMID:Elevated adenosine deaminase activity in the serum of patients with diabetes mellitus. 782 Nov 97

A major pathological feature of noninsulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) is defective insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle. When NIDDM subjects are assessed as a group, GLUT4 gene expression in skeletal muscle varies widely and is not different from that in controls. Thus, longitudinal studies are needed to assess whether changes in GLUT4 expression in muscle of NIDDM subjects could be responsible for changes in glucose disposal. The question is timely because recent studies in transgenic mice show that increasing GLUT4 expression can increase insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in vivo and in vitro. Here we use a longitudinal design to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of therapy with the sulfonylurea gliclazide on glycemic control, glucose tolerance, insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, and GLUT4 expression in muscle of 10 obese NIDDM subjects. Subjects were on a weight-maintaining diet. Gliclazide treatment results in increased serum C-peptide, decreased hemoglobin-A1c, decreased glucose excursion on glucose tolerance test, and 35% increased insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. Gliclazide therapy is not associated with any change in DNA or protein content per g muscle or any alteration in GLUT4 levels expressed either per microgram membrane protein or per DNA. In summary, the improvement in glycemic control and glucose disposal in NIDDM subjects receiving gliclazide therapy cannot be explained by increased expression of GLUT4 in muscle. Thus, therapeutic effects on insulin-stimulated glucose disposal can be achieved in NIDDM subjects without altering GLUT4 expression in muscle.
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PMID:Sulfonylurea therapy improves glucose disposal without changing skeletal muscle GLUT4 levels in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus subjects: a longitudinal study. 782 24

The microvascular complications of retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy are less prevalent, and not as severe, in NIDDM as compared with IDDM for unknown reasons. Macrovascular disease is the greatest challenge in the management of NIDDM because it is the cause of death in 50% to 60% of this patient population. Control of the hyperglycemia is the most important because the prevention of complications is more effective than the treatment of them. Blood glucose control through diet, exercise, and medication is the key to reducing the previously identified complications. Lifestyle modifications of diet and exercise are the most effective treatment to reduce hyperglycemia. It is important to emphasize during the asymptomatic period the serious consequences of the complications and to set goals using the glycosylated hemoglobin. If these goals are not met, treatment should be intensified by more frequent visits or referral for the team approach. The time for intervention is before the complications are present, not after they occur. It is certainly reasonable to reduce as many risk factors as possible that adversely affect the complications of NIDDM. Hypertension can affect the course of coronary artery disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy and should be treated. The avoidance of tobacco is a must for the prevention of vascular disease and is associated with painful neuropathy. Dyslipidemia is seen frequently in NIDDM and should be assessed by fasting lipid panel and treated to lower the LDL cholesterol below 130 mg/dL. Reduction of individual risk factors is the most effective approach to this complex clinical syndrome until such time as a better understanding of the pathophysiology provides a more specific and effective intervention.
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PMID:Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The prevention of complications. 787 91

Microfiltration technique was used to measure white blood cell deformability (WCD) in one hundred and thirty patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM or type II). It was found that WCD of the diabetics was significantly decreased compared with fifty controls (P < 0.01) and further reduced with the rise of levels of plasma fibrinogen (Fg), plasma lipid, hemoglobin Alc (HbAlc) and fasting blood glucose (FBG), and also with the increase of age, the duration of diabetes, and the reduction of plasma magnesium concentration. It was shown that the decrease of WCD in diabetes mellitus was closely related to the degree of metabolic disturbance of the failure of diabetic control.
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PMID:Study on alteration of white blood cell deformability of NIDDM patients and the influencing factors. 788 28

Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SBGM) is widely recommended for both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients despite the lack of evidence of benefit in glucose control or as an aid in weight loss in type 2 subjects. This study tested the hypothesis that combined use of SMBG and dietary carbohydrate (CHO) counting, using the blood monitoring results to shape dietary CHO quotas, is beneficial in managing type 2 diabetes. Twenty-three overweight (body mass index, BMI 27.5-44 kg/m2) patients aged 40-75 participated in a 28-week behavioral weight control program. Baseline hemoglobin HbA1c ranged between 9.5% and 13.5% (normal range 5.5%-7.7%). Subjects were matched for weight, sex, and HbA1c and assigned to small (4-8 participants) groups which met weekly for 12 weeks and then monthly for 16 weeks. After 8 weeks, the groups were randomized either to continue the behavioral program or to have SMBG and dietary CHO counting. Glucose monitoring was performed 6 times daily (pre- and 2 h postprandially) for the first month, focusing on the meal increment and correlating this to dietary CHO intake. Weight loss was identical in both groups during the year of follow-up. The HbA1c level showed a progressive decline in experimental subjects (P < 0.05), whereas there was no improvement in control subjects.
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PMID:Self-monitoring of blood glucose in overweight type 2 diabetic patients. 788 92


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