Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To examine the release of insulin in response to oral glucose, intravenous glucagon and intravenous arginine, we measured the levels of plasma glucose, immuno-reactive insulin (IRI) and C-peptide levels on fasting and following an oral glucose loading (OGTT), intravenous glucagon (GON) and arginine (ARG) infusion test in nine newly diagnosed non-insulin dependent diabetics. Their ages ranged from 38 to 65. The fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels were 240 +/- 14 mg/dl (Mean +/- SEM) and 10.7 +/- 0.54%, respectively. Mean values of the peak C-peptide/fasting C-peptide ratio and peak IRI/fasting IRI ratio were significantly increased, as compared with the basal level (P < 0.05), but not significantly different from those of the OGTT, GON and ARG test. In conclusion, the effect of arginine-induced insulin secretion in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is as good as those of glucose or glucagon.
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PMID:Arginine induced insulin release in patients with newly onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 133 Feb 42

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was carried out over 120 days to assess the metabolic tolerance and patient acceptability of nicardipine in 20 patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and slight hypertension. Following a 21-day washout period during which all patients received placebo, 13 men and 7 women (mean age 45 years, systolic blood pressure 150-165 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure 85-100 mm Hg) were randomly assigned to treatment with oral nicardipine 60-90 mg/day (n = 9) or placebo (n = 11). No significant differences were observed between the nicardipine- and placebo-treated groups in terms of fasting and postprandial blood glucose concentrations, fasting plasma insulin levels, or glycosylated hemoglobin A1c after 60 and 120 days' treatment. There was also no change in the plasma levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and apolipoproteins. Side effects were minor and did not differ significantly between groups. All patients who had received nicardipine for 120 days wished to pursue treatment. Nicardipine, which was well tolerated, appears to be an interesting alternative for the treatment of mild essential hypertension in Type 2 diabetic patients, although further studies are required to establish its effects on renal function in this population.
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PMID:The influence of nicardipine in type 2 diabetic patients with slight hypertension. 136 5

The levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and glycosylated keratin were studied along the hair length in 17 patients with newly detected insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) aged 7 to 33, in 14 patients with newly detected noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) aged 46 to 73, and in 41 healthy subjects. The level of glycosylated keratin in healthy hairs along the entire length varied within 0.094-0.124 mumol of fructosamine per 100 mg of hair. In 10 of 17 patients of the IDDM group measurements of glycosylated keratin levels made it possible to determine the time of appearance of diabetes mellitus, in 13 patients of the NIDDM group these levels along the entire hair length were elevated. The determination of these levels permitted the estimation of the time of appearance of IDDM. Its manifestation followed a long period (1-2 yrs.) of latent derangements of carbohydrate metabolism. In NIDDM patients the time of appearance of disease is difficult to determine because of the limited hair length and a long latent period of disease (over 2-3 yrs.).
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PMID:[Determining the time of diabetes mellitus onset by the level of glycosylated keratin in hair]. 138 Oct 94

Some hematologic parameters have been measured in 80 patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. The patients were divided into three groups: (a) proximal (pelvic and femoral) lower limb macroangiopathy; (b) distal (tibial) macroangiopathy; and (c) control group of diabetics without lower limb macroangiopathy. Mean hemoglobin, hematocrit and fibrinogen values were significantly higher in both the proximal and distal macroangiopathy groups in comparison with the controls. On the other hand, mean leucocyte and platelet counts were significantly elevated only in the proximal macroangiopathy group. Significant correlations were observed in univariate and multivariate analyses between blood fibrinogen concentration and pressure indices expressing severity of lower limb macroangiopathy (ankle/thigh, ankle/arm). In summary, increased levels of hematologic parameters contributing to the increase of whole blood viscosity were observed in Type 2 diabetics with arteriosclerosis obliterans. The observed relationship between fibrinogen concentration and severity of arteriosclerosis obliterans could be an evidence in favor for fibrinogen lowering therapy in this pathologic condition.
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PMID:Hematologic changes in type 2 diabetic patients with various localizations of peripheral vascular disease. 148 69

Recently, lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] has been identified as a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. No data are available on the effect of improved metabolic control on plasma Lp(a) concentrations in subjects with type II diabetes mellitus, a group at high risk for coronary heart disease. We examined the effects of improved metabolic control on plasma lipid and lipoproteins and Lp(a) concentrations in 12 subjects before and after 21 days of tight metabolic control. Glycosylated hemoglobin declined from 8.9% to 6.9% (P less than .002). Lp(a) increased slightly from 21.4 to 25.8 mg/dL (P = .119) with improved metabolic control. There were no significant differences in total, low-density, or high-density cholesterol values, although the decline in triglyceride concentrations was statistically significant. The distribution of apolipoprotein (a) [apo (a)] isoforms in subjects with type II diabetes mellitus was not unusual and the apo (a) isoform patterns did not change with improved metabolic control. Although the number of subjects was small, there was no decline in Lp(a) concentrations with improved control and thus the effect of glycemic control on Lp(a) concentrations may be much smaller in type II than in type I diabetes. These results suggest that diabetic subjects with elevated Lp(a) concentrations should have intensive management of conventional cardiovascular risk factors such as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), and blood pressure.
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PMID:Lack of change of lipoprotein (a) concentration with improved glycemic control in subjects with type II diabetes. 153 Dec 44

In 43 patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) associated with hypercholesterolemia, the effect of pravastatin, a potent HMG CoA-reductase inhibitor, on serum lipids, apolipoproteins and lipoprotein (a) was examined. After 1 to 3 months administration of 10 mg per day of pravastatin, the serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly decreased, while the serum level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly increased in patients with NIDDM. The levels of apolipoproteins B (apo B) and E were significantly decreased, while apolipoprotein AI (apo A-I) was not changed by the administration of pravastatin. The atherogenic indices (LDL-C/HDL-C and apo B/apo A-I) were significantly decreased by the administration of this drug. The serum lipoprotein (a), which was increased in the diabetic patients, was not affected by the pravastatin treatment. Plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels were not affected by the treatment. We concluded that pravastatin is a potentially useful agent in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in patients with NIDDM.
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PMID:Effect of pravastatin on serum lipids, apolipoproteins and lipoprotein (a) in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. 153 40

The goal of this study was to evaluate in 98 diabetic patients the serum levels of osteocalcin (OC) and their relationship with glycosylated hemoglobin levels and with the duration, calculated in years, of the disease. Patients were divided in 3 groups: 17 IDDM patients, 62 NIDDM patients treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents, and 19 NIDDM patients treated with insulin. Results were compared to 2 different control groups. In IDDM patients OC serum levels were significantly lower if compared either to control group and to NIDDM patients. The 2 groups of NIDDM patients showed significantly higher OC values than controls. No significant relationship resulted between OC levels, the duration of diabetes and the glycosylated hemoglobin values. The results of the study indicate a direct correlation between pancreatic function and osteoblastic activity: insulin lack is associated with reduced OC serum levels.
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PMID:[Serum osteocalcin and diabetes mellitus. A study of 98 patients]. 155 61

In order to gain insight into the potential role of endothelin, a 21 amino acid peptide produced by endothelial cells, in the development of complications of diabetes mellitus, basal plasma endothelin levels were measured in 152 patients with diabetes mellitus (83 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, 69 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus) and compared to those in 50 healthy controls. Blood was drawn at 8:00 AM under resting conditions and endothelin was measured after prior extraction by a sensitive radioimmunoassay specific for both endothelin 1 and 2. Endothelin levels were increased in patients with diabetes mellitus in comparison to controls. In type 1 diabetes mellitus a positive correlation between endothelin levels and age was found. We found that 60% of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and elevated endothelin levels higher than 2.5 pg/mL (highest value in a control person) had had diabetes for more than 20 years (P less than .05 v patients with normal endothelin levels). In type 2 diabetes mellitus the relation between elevated endothelin levels and diabetes duration was reversed. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) concentrations above 10% of total hemoglobin were measured in 62% of the patients. Arterial hypertension was present in 60% of the patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and increased endothelin levels greater than 2.5 pg/mL (both P less than .05 v patients with normal endothelin levels).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Increased plasma levels of endothelin in diabetic patients with hypertension. 157 42

The antihypertensive effect of captopril, metoprolol, and hydrochlorothiazide was compared in 23 non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM) diabetic patients less than or equal to 75 years of age, with borderline to moderate primary hypertension. In a double blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial the patients were treated with 25 to 50 mg captopril, 50 to 100 mg metoprolol, 12.5 to 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide, and placebo, each given twice daily for 8 weeks. Antidiabetic treatment remained unchanged during the study. After receiving placebo for a 4 week run-in period, arterial blood pressure was 168/101 +/- 93/10 (mean +/- SEM) mm Hg. Diastolic blood pressure was lowered significantly during all active treatment periods compared to the placebo value of 97 +/- 2 mm Hg: captopril, 92 +/- 1 mm Hg; metoprolol, 90 +/- 1 mm Hg; hydrochlorothiazide, 91 +/- 1 mm Hg. Metabolic variables were not significantly altered by captopril and metoprolol, while hydrochlorothiazide treatment increased hemoglobin A1c from 7.5 +/- 0.3 to 8.2 +/- 0.4% (P less than .001), decreased high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol from 1.19 +/- 0.08 to 1.10 +/- 0.06 mmol/L (P less than .05). Glomerular filtration rate, urinary albumin excretion, orthostatic blood pressure response, and digital systolic blood pressure in the lower limb remained unchanged during the active treatment periods. The frequency of subjective adverse effects was acceptable during active treatment and not significantly different compared to placebo. We conclude that antihypertensive treatment for 8 weeks with captopril or metoprolol in NIDDM patients is well-tolerated and causes no deterioration in metabolic control and kidney function, while hydrochlorothiazide causes a slight deterioration in glycemic control and lipid profile.
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PMID:Placebo-controlled comparison of captopril, metoprolol, and hydrochlorothiazide therapy in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with primary hypertension. 158 Oct 12

Combined insulin and sulfonylurea therapy for type 2 diabetes may improve the effectiveness of a single injection of insulin, thereby postponing the need for multiple injections. This concept was tested in 21 obese subjects imperfectly controlled by 20 mg of glyburide daily in a double masked, placebo-controlled, parallel design, 16-week protocol. Premixed 70% NPH/30% Regular insulin was taken before supper, and the dosage was adjusted weekly by an algorithm seeking nearly normal fasting glycemia. Eleven subjects using insulin plus 10 mg glyburide before breakfast had lower mean fasting glucose at 10-16 weeks than 10 subjects using insulin with placebo (mean +/- SEM; 5.9 +/- 0.3 versus 7.5 +/- 0.7 mmol/L; p less than 0.05), and had a greater decrement of glycosylated hemoglobin from baseline values (1.3 +/- 0.1 versus 0.8 +/- 0.2% A1, p less than 0.05). After 16 weeks the combined therapy group used half as much insulin as the insulin-only group (50 +/- 5 versus 101 +/- 13 units/d; p less than 0.01). Fasting serum free insulin values increased 58% from baseline after insulin therapy in the insulin-only group (p less than 0.05) but did not increase with combined therapy. Weight gain was similar in the two groups. These data support this form of combined therapy as one option for treating obese persons with type 2 diabetes no longer responsive to oral therapy alone.
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PMID:Combined therapy for obese type 2 diabetes: suppertime mixed insulin with daytime sulfonylurea. 159 76


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