Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In people with diabetes, the concentration of an individual lipoprotein or apolipoprotein can be highly variable and is totally different in the two major forms of the disease. Alterations in the concentrations of major lipids and lipoproteins are well characterized in both IDDM and NIDDM. In general, the lipoprotein pattern is antiatherogenic in individuals with IDDM who are treated and have optimal glycemic control. In contrast, NIDDM is associated with atherogenic changes of serum lipids and lipoproteins regardless of the mode of treatment. In people with both types of diabetes, the distribution of apoE phenotype seems to be similar to that in nondiabetic populations. IDDM patients with microalbuminuria show atherogenic changes of lipoproteins and have elevated levels of Lp(a), which is a risk factor of coronary artery disease. Whether glycemic control influences the concentration of Lp(a) is still an open question. An important issue is that the concentration of a lipoprotein can be normal without excluding compositional abnormalities that are potentially atherogenic. Such alterations are present in people with both IDDM and NIDDM. Consequently, it has been questioned whether the target values to start treatment should be lower in diabetic than in nondiabetic populations.
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PMID:Quantitative and qualitative lipoprotein abnormalities in diabetes mellitus. 152 30

Recently, lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] has been identified as a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. No data are available on the effect of improved metabolic control on plasma Lp(a) concentrations in subjects with type II diabetes mellitus, a group at high risk for coronary heart disease. We examined the effects of improved metabolic control on plasma lipid and lipoproteins and Lp(a) concentrations in 12 subjects before and after 21 days of tight metabolic control. Glycosylated hemoglobin declined from 8.9% to 6.9% (P less than .002). Lp(a) increased slightly from 21.4 to 25.8 mg/dL (P = .119) with improved metabolic control. There were no significant differences in total, low-density, or high-density cholesterol values, although the decline in triglyceride concentrations was statistically significant. The distribution of apolipoprotein (a) [apo (a)] isoforms in subjects with type II diabetes mellitus was not unusual and the apo (a) isoform patterns did not change with improved metabolic control. Although the number of subjects was small, there was no decline in Lp(a) concentrations with improved control and thus the effect of glycemic control on Lp(a) concentrations may be much smaller in type II than in type I diabetes. These results suggest that diabetic subjects with elevated Lp(a) concentrations should have intensive management of conventional cardiovascular risk factors such as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), and blood pressure.
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PMID:Lack of change of lipoprotein (a) concentration with improved glycemic control in subjects with type II diabetes. 153 Dec 44

In 43 patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) associated with hypercholesterolemia, the effect of pravastatin, a potent HMG CoA-reductase inhibitor, on serum lipids, apolipoproteins and lipoprotein (a) was examined. After 1 to 3 months administration of 10 mg per day of pravastatin, the serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly decreased, while the serum level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly increased in patients with NIDDM. The levels of apolipoproteins B (apo B) and E were significantly decreased, while apolipoprotein AI (apo A-I) was not changed by the administration of pravastatin. The atherogenic indices (LDL-C/HDL-C and apo B/apo A-I) were significantly decreased by the administration of this drug. The serum lipoprotein (a), which was increased in the diabetic patients, was not affected by the pravastatin treatment. Plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels were not affected by the treatment. We concluded that pravastatin is a potentially useful agent in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in patients with NIDDM.
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PMID:Effect of pravastatin on serum lipids, apolipoproteins and lipoprotein (a) in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. 153 40

The characteristics of low density lipoproteins (LDL) of ten non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) and ten nondiabetic patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) were investigated and compared to LDL of ten NIDDM patients without CAD and ten healthy persons. All subjects had LDL cholesterol below 160 mg/dl and serum triglycerides below 200 mg/dl. The mean LDL particle size and particle distribution profiles were analyzed by using nondenaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. The LDL composition and hydrated density distribution were investigated by using density gradient ultracentrifugation. Both NIDDM and nondiabetic CAD patients tended to have larger LDL particles than NIDDM patients without CAD and healthy subjects. The increase of LDL particle size of CAD patients was due to marked enrichment of triglycerides (TG) in their LDL. The percentage content of TG in LDL of NIDDM patients with CAD was 14.5% and in LDL of nondiabetic CAD patients 13.4% compared with 7.9% in LDL of NIDDM patients without CAD and 7.2% in normal-LDL (P less than 0.05 or less between either CAD group and NIDDM without CAD or normals). The LDL TG/apolipoprotein (apo) B weight ratio was significantly higher in both CAD groups compared with LDL of the two groups without CAD (0.70 and 0.68 vs. 0.38 and 0.34, respectively, P less than 0.05, P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01, P less than 0.01). The LDL total lipid to apoB weight ratio was similar in all four groups. Consistent with this, the hydrated density distributions of LDL in the four groups were similar, the average peak densities being 1.0346 g/ml, 1.0331 g/ml, 1.0331 g/ml, and 1.0331 g/ml, respectively. The findings of this study demonstrate that normolipidemic patients with CAD may have marked abnormalities in th eir LDL composition and these anomalies are present in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients.
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PMID:Abnormalities of low density lipoproteins in normolipidemic type II diabetic and nondiabetic patients with coronary artery disease. 156 83

Several studies have demonstrated an association between variation in the apolipoprotein (apo) B gene, principally as detected by the XbaI and EcoRI restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), and lipoprotein levels or cardiovascular disease. We have examined the frequency of the EcoRI and XbaI RFLPs of the apoB gene in 95 white Type 2 diabetic patients aged between 45 and 80 years in order to ascertain whether variation in this gene may be influencing the development of Type 2 diabetes and associated atherosclerosis through obesity. Neither of the two RFLPs had a significant association with clinically defined cardiovascular disease or with body mass index in our sample. However, while XbaI displayed no association with circulating levels of lipids, lipoproteins or apolipoproteins, the presence of the rare (R2) alele of EcoRI (absence of cutting site) was associated with significantly higher levels of circulating triglycerides. Furthermore, the EcoRI R2 allele was over-represented in the diabetic sample when compared to a healthy control group. Our findings support previous studies which have shown an effect of variation at the apoB gene on circulating lipid levels; additionally, variation in this gene may contribute to the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Variation in the apolipoprotein B gene and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. 168 48

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus are both characterized by increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Since several reports have indicated that apolipoprotein (a) [apo(a)] levels are positively associated with an increased risk of macrovascular disease, we investigated whether apo(a) levels are elevated in both types of diabetes mellitus and may thus represent an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic disease. Apo(a) concentrations in type 1 diabetic patients were not significantly different from matched controls (276 +/- 78 vs 149 +/- 46 units/l). Type 2 diabetic patients had considerably higher levels of apo(a) than matched controls (471 +/- 89 vs 221 +/- 61 units/l, P = 0.06), though the difference was not statistically significant. However, concentrations of apo(a) were above 300 units/l in 36% of type 1 and 67% of type 2 diabetic patients, but in only 14% and 25% respectively of matched control subjects. Plasma triglycerides were positively and independently correlated with apo(a) levels in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. On the other hand, no significant correlation was found between apo(a) levels and glycosylated haemoglobin, total cholesterol or high density lipoprotein cholesterol in any of the groups studied. In conclusion, apo(a) levels are not significantly elevated either in type 1 or type 2 diabetic patients without proteinuria and in moderate metabolic control; however, levels above 300 units/l were 2.6 times more frequent in both types of diabetes mellitus than in carefully age-, sex-, and weight-matched control subjects.
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PMID:Apolipoprotein (a) levels in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. 177 52

Resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is associated with an increased rate of synthesis and secretion of VLDL-triglycerides and, in the absence of adequate removal capacity, with hypertriglyceridemia. Subjects with a low glucose disposal rate or a high degree of insulin resistance (as measured by the euglycemic hyperinsulin clamp technique) have also decreased HDL cholesterol levels. The recent developments in the chemistry of lipoproteins indicate that the physicochemically defined lipoproteins such as VLDL, IDL, LDL or HDL are both chemically and metabolically heterogeneous. According to the Alaupovic concept, the plasma lipoprotein system consists of a mixture of particles, each of which is characterized by a unique apolipoprotein composition. Using enzyme-linked differential antibody immunosorbent assay and differential electroimmunoassay, we have discovered that the determination of lipoprotein particle profiles is essential for further clarification of the diagnostic value of measuring apo B and apo A-I. The metabolism of apo B and apo A-I containing lipoprotein particles seems to be affected primarily by their corresponding apolipoprotein composition. Some particular subpopulations of apo B containing lipoprotein particles, such as LpB containing only apo B, LpB:E containing apo B and (a) have been identified as important risk factors in atherosclerosis. We have also recently demonstrated that the protective effect of HDL is due to particles containing apo A-I but not apo A-II (LpA-I), while have little or have no effect those containing apo A-I and apo A-II (LpA-I:A-II). Non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients (NIDDM) are characterized by increased concentrations of cholesteryl ester rich LpB and triglyceride rich LpB:C-III and LpB:E.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Insulin-resistance and lipoprotein abnormalities. 193 84

Diabetes mellitus is frequently associated with lipid metabolism abnormalities. In the present study the lipid and apolipoprotein profiles have been compared in type II diabetic subjects with (n = 30) and without (n = 30) coronary heart disease (CHD). All subjects were studied after good metabolic control had been achieved. Significant differences in plasma lipids and apolipoproteins were seen in diabetic patients with CHD in comparison with diabetics without CHD. Patients with CHD presented higher total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, apo B, apo CII and apo CIII levels and total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol HDL-cholesterol ratios and lower HDL-cholesterol values and apo A1/apo B ratio than the patients without CHD. The same findings were found in females; while male subjects with CHD had significantly increased total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and apo B levels and total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratios and significantly decreased apo A1/apo B ratio compared with males without CHD. These findings support the concept that the apolipoprotein profile plays a remarkable role as risk factor for CHD in type II diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Apolipoprotein profile in type II diabetic patients with and without coronary heart disease. 208 39

Fasting total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), HDL cholesterol (HDL C), apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1) and apolipoprotein B (apo B) were measured in 35 non-insulin dependent diabetic patients treated by diet with or without sulphonylureas and 35 control subjects matched for age, sex, and body mass index. Ratios of apolipoprotein and lipid were calculated. The diabetics were well controlled with a mean (+/- SD) glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1) of 8.5 +/- 1.3% (normal range less than 8%). Compared to non-diabetic control subjects apo A1: HDL C, apo B: TC, and apo B: calculated LDL C were significantly higher in the NIDDM patients, (112.9 +/- 26.3 vs 83.0 +/- 28.7, p less than 0.001, 15.89 +/- 1.68 vs 14.22 +/- 3.48, p less than 0.01, and 24.32 +/- 3.19 vs 22.33 +/- 5.49, p less than 0.05 respectively). These findings reflect differences in cholesterol content in the absence of differences in apolipoprotein concentrations between the NIDDM and control groups. The cardiovascular risk ratio HDL C: non HDL C was significantly lower in the NIDDM patients (0.25 +/- 0.09 vs 0.31 +/- 0.15, p less than 0.01), but there was no difference in apo A1:apo B (1.42 +/- 0.42 vs 1.43 +/- 0.52, NS). Although apo A1: apo B correlated well with HDL C:non HDL C in both NIDDM and controls (r = 0.88, 0.72, p less than 0.001 respectively) the slope of the relationships differed b = 4.01 NIDDM vs 2.50 controls (95% confidence intervals for difference is 0.22-2.78). Simple widely available methods can identify abnormalities of lipoprotein content in treated NIDDM patients. Both HDL and LDL contain less cholesterol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Apolipoprotein and lipid ratios in treated non-insulin dependent diabetics. 213 96

Lipoprotein metabolism was studied by analyses of apolipoproteins, cholesterol content in lipoproteins and electrophoresis. The findings obtained suggested that the apolipoprotein levels such as A1 and B are related with particle number of lipoproteins such as HDL and LDL, while cholesterol content in lipoproteins is affected by qualitative change in particles as well. In patients with diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), LDL cholesterol correlated with HbA1c, and cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in the beta-area on electrophoresis showed accelerated mobilities, which were mimicked by in vitro glycation of LDL. In coronary heart diseases, elevation of apolipoprotein B and a low level of HDL cholesterol were general findings. The B/A1 ratio could be a sensitive indicator for these diseases. Hyper HDL cholesterolemias, excluding the patients with prostatic cancer who had undergone estrogen-treatment, showed elevated levels of apolipoprotein E in alpha 2-area on electrophoresis. Heterogeneity in Hyper HDL cholesterolemia was implicated. Qualitative analysis of lipoproteins by our method is believed to be useful.
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PMID:[Lipoprotein metabolism analysis in arteriosclerotic diseases]. 226 73


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