Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this article the authors present a case of successful treatment of a 54-year old male patient with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and triple-vessel coronary artery disease who underwent surgical myocardial revascularization and was reoperated on the same day because of excessive bleeding. The patient was given cca 5000 mL of whole blood and cca 3000 mL of blood derivatives. The first postoperative chest X-ray showed radiological signs of ARDS. The therapy was based upon authors' experience and was consisted of controlled mechanical ventilation (respiratory volume 12-15 mL/kg, 10-14 cycles/min, I/E ratio 1:2, FIO2 0.6, PEEP 2-5 cm H2O), daily bronchoscopies with bronchoaspiration, aggressive diuresis, negative fluid balance, specific antibiotic therapy, and last but not least, of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) 0.5-20 micrograms/kg/min combined with dopamine inotropic support (2-5 micrograms/kg/h). Simple but careful clinical observation still remains a milestone for all therapeutic measures taken in ARDS patients.
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PMID:Adult respiratory distress syndrome. 947 4

Proglucagon contains the sequence of two glucagon-like peptides, GLP-1 and GLP-2, secreted from enteroendocrine cells of the small and large intestine. GLP-1 lowers blood glucose in both NIDDM and IDDM patients and may be therapeutically useful for treatment of patients with diabetes. GLP-1 regulates blood glucose via stimulation of glucose-dependent insulin secretion, inhibition of gastric emptying, and inhibition of glucagon secretion. GLP-1 may also regulate glycogen synthesis in adipose tissue and muscle; however, the mechanism for these peripheral effects remains unclear. GLP-1 is produced in the brain, and intracerebroventricular GLP-1 in rodents is a potent inhibitor of food and water intake. The short duration of action of GLP-1 may be accounted for in part by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-IV), which cleaves GLP-1 at the NH2-terminus; hence GLP-1 analogs or the lizard peptide exendin-4 that are resistant to DPP-IV cleavage may be more potent GLP-1 molecules in vivo. GLP-2 has recently been shown to display intestinal growth factor activity in rodents, raising the possibility that GLP-2 may be therapeutically useful for enhancement of mucosal regeneration in patients with intestinal disease. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the biological activity of the glucagon-like peptides.
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PMID:Glucagon-like peptides. 951 8

Six crossbred lambs (32+/-2 kg) in a 6 x 6 Latin square design were used to determine the effects of predeprivation diet nutrient density and NaCl content on nutrient losses during periods of feed and water deprivation and nutrient repletion. Treatments consisted of two predeprivation dietary nutrient densities (low [LOW] and moderate [MOD]) and three NaCI intakes (0, 2, or 4 g/d) in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. During the 4-d predeprivation phase, lambs fed the M0D diet had greater (P < .05) K retention and lower (P < .01) Na retention than lambs fed the LOW diet. Retention of Na increased linearly (P< .01), whereas retention of K decreased linearly (P < .O01) with increasing NaCl intakes. During the 3-d deprivation phase, lambs fed the MOD diet had lower (P < .01) Na losses than lambs fed the LOW diet. Losses of Na increased linearly (P < .01), whereas losses of K decreased linearly (P < .05) with increasing NaCl intakes. During the predeprivation and deprivation phases, cumulative losses of K were greater (P < .05) and cumulative losses of Na were lower (P < .05) in lambs fed the LOW diet than in lambs fed the MOD diet. Cumulative losses of K increased linearly (P < .05) as predeprivation NaCl intake increased. Predeprivation NaCl intakes did not affect (P > .10) total retention of water, Na, or K for the overall 14-d sampling period. Predeprivation salt intakes affected Na and K losses during a simulated marketing-transport period. However, after 7 d on the realimentation diet, predeprivation diet nutrient density and NaCl intake did not affect the balance of these nutrients.
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PMID:Influence of predeprivation diet nutrient density and sodium chloride content on nutrient losses and repletion in lambs. 953 22

A 45-year-old man, with a 10-year history of manic depression treated with lithium, was admitted with hyperosmolar, nonketotic coma. He gave a five-year history of polyuria and polydipsia, during which time urinalysis had been negative for glucose. After recovery from hyperglycaemia, he remained polyuric despite normal blood glucose concentrations; water deprivation testing indicated nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, likely to be lithium-induced. We hypothesize that when this man developed type 2 diabetes, chronic polyuria due to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus was sufficient to precipitate hyperosmolar dehydration.
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PMID:Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma precipitated by lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. 953 87

Effects of taurine supplementation on lipid peroxide formation and the activities of glutathione (GSH) dependent enzymes in diabetic model mice were investigated. Type I diabetes mellitus was induced by injecting alloxan to ICR mice while type II diabetes mellitus was produced by high calorie diet feeding to genetically hyperglycemic KK mice. Taurine was given in drinking water at the level of 5% (w/v) for seven days. The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of liver and the islets of type I diabetes were significantly increased compared to the control group but the levels were significantly decreased by taurine supplementation. In the type II diabetic model, the concentrations of MDA were not changed by taurine treatment. The activity of hepatic and islet GSH-peroxidase (GPX) was increased in the type I diabetic group, but in type II animals it was decreased. Hepatic GPX activity of both type I and II diabetics was not altered by taurine supplementation but was increased in the islets of the type II animals. No effect on the activity of GSH S-transferase (GST) was observed in both types of diabetes (I and II) following taurine supplementation. These results suggest that taurine supplementation protects type I diabetic mice from lipid peroxide formation.
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PMID:Effect of taurine supplementation on the lipid peroxide formation and the activities of glutathione-related enzymes in the liver and islet of type I and II diabetic model mice. 963 20

In order to investigate the influence of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2(ALDH2) genotype in the pathogenesis of nephropathy due to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), genotyping of ALDH2 was measured using the PCR-RFLP method in patients with NIDDM on chronic hemodialysis (HD). The results were as follows; 1) The frequency of active ALDH2 was 63% and that of inactive ALDH2 was 37%. 2) The percentage of active ALDH2 was significantly higher in patients with alcohol tolerance than that in those without it (38%). 3) The estimated amount of alcohol consumption in the past was 506 +/- 720 g/week in the active ALDH2 group, and 156 +/- 288 g/week in the inactive ALDH2 group, showing a significant difference between the two groups. 4) Interdialytic body weight gain was larger in patients with active ALDH2 than in those with inactive ALDH2. Since the frequency of active ALDH2 was similar to that in patients without nephropathy, these results do not support the hypothesis that ALDH2 gene polymorphism is involved in the development and persistence of chronic renal failure due to NIDDM. However, salt and water craving in dialysis patients may be influenced partially by an active ALDH2 gene.
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PMID:[Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2(ALDH2) gene polymorphism in NIDDM patients with chronic renal failure]. 975 91

The prevalence of obesity in children has continued to increase despite a general increased awareness of health and fitness. Epidemiologic data show that the prevalence of obesity in children is approximately 25%, with a higher prevalence in some subgroups of the population. In addition, the incidence of obesity-related diseases is dramatically increasing in children. For example, the incidence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents has increased 10-fold over the past decade, and this increase is more pronounced in obese persons. The etiology of the development of childhood obesity and subsequent disease is poorly understood, but is likely to be explained by alterations in the regulation of energy balance between energy expenditure and energy intake. It is not known whether obesity is caused by an increase in energy intake relative to energy needs, a decrease in energy expenditure relative to energy needs, or the effect of both. This review will focus on recent studies that have attempted to elucidate the etiology of childhood obesity and have increased our understanding of the regulation of energy balance in prepubertal children by using the doubly labeled water method for estimating total energy expenditure and physical activity-related energy expenditure. This review serves as a brief summary and general update of recent reviews of this topic.
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PMID:Total energy expenditure and physical activity in prepubertal children: recent advances based on the application of the doubly labeled water method. 977 77

Since bioelectrical characteristics correspond well to body water compartments, this study investigated bioelectrical differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetic subjects that could reflect differences in body water compartments. We investigated cross-sectionally 612 adult subjects, classified into 10 groups according to sex and disease (control, obese normal glucose tolerant, non-obese type 2 diabetes, obese type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes). Resistance (R), reactance (Xc) and phase angle (PA) were measured (800 microA - 50 kHz alternating current). The bioelectrical vector was obtained by plotting R and Xc normalized for height (ht), it is easily identified on the basis of the length (inversely related to the total body water, likewise R) and direction, given by the PA (inversely related to the extra-/intra-cellular water - ECW/ICW -). Results show that disease and sex had a significant (ANOVA: P<0.0001 for both F disease and F sex) and independent effect on both R/ht and Xc/ht; no difference was found between type 2 and type 1 diabetic groups. A bioelectrical vector with a lower PA characterized both type 2 and type 1 diabetic groups. An independent positive correlation between fasting plasma glucose and R/ht and a negative correlation between fasting plasma glucose and PA were observed. These findings suggest a non-different body water content and distribution between type 2 and type 1 diabetic subjects; the bioelectrical vector indicates a higher ECW/ICW in type 2 and type 1 diabetic compared to nondiabetic subjects.
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PMID:Bioelectrical characteristics of type 1 and type 2 diabetic subjects with reference to body water compartments. 993 22

Metformin, an antihyperglycemic agent used for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, lowers blood pressure in humans and experimental animals. We recently demonstrated that short-term administration of metformin may lower blood pressure by reducing sympathetic neural outflow. The present studies were initiated to determine whether long-term administration of metformin blunts salt-induced hypertension, a condition characterized by elevated sympathetic activity. Male spontaneously hypertensive rats, in which radiotelemeters had been implanted for continuous monitoring of heart rate and blood pressure, were randomly assigned to groups that received vehicle (drinking water) or metformin (500 mg/kg per day) and ate a normal 0.3% NaCl diet and to groups that received vehicle or metformin and ate a high 8.0% NaCl diet for a period of 4 weeks. Although metformin did not affect blood pressure in the animals that ate the normal-salt diet (vehicle, 130+/-3 mm Hg; metformin, 133+/-5 mm Hg; mean+/-SEM), drug treatment blunted the rise in pressure caused by a high-salt diet (vehicle, 153+/-4 mm Hg; metformin, 140+/-5 mm Hg; P<0.001). In agreement, during direct pressure recordings in anesthetized rats, the animals that ate the high-salt diet had higher pressures (136+/-13 mm Hg) than those in the control (98+/-5 mm Hg, P<0.01), metformin (100+/-7 mm Hg, P<0.01), and metformin/high-salt groups (92+/-3 mm Hg, P<0.01). Finally, metformin lowered heart rate in rats that ate the normal- and high-salt diets (310+/-3 and 305+/-4 bpm) compared with rats that ate normal- and high-salt diets given vehicle (332+/-3 and 324+/-2 bpm, P<0.01). These data indicate that the chronic depressor actions of metformin are enhanced in animals with hypertension exacerbated by a high-salt diet.
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PMID:Metformin attenuates salt-induced hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. 1033

Metabolically obese, normal-weight (MONW) individuals are a hypothesized subgroup of the general population. These normal-weight individuals potentially display a cluster of obesity-related features, although this has not been systematically tested in young women. We hypothesized that MONW young women would display higher levels of total and visceral fat and lower levels of physical activity than normal women. In a cohort of 71 healthy nonobese women (21-35 years old), we identified MONW women based on cut points for insulin sensitivity (normal = glucose disposal >8 mg x min(-1) x kg(-1) of fat-free mass [FFM], n = 58; impaired = glucose disposal <8 ml x min(-1) x kg(-1) of FFM, n = 13). Thereafter, we measured body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) and body fat distribution (computed tomography), cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max on a treadmill), physical activity energy expenditure (doubly labeled water and indirect calorimetry), glucose tolerance (oral glucose tolerance test), serum lipid profile, and dietary intake. We found a higher body fat percentage (32 +/- 6 vs. 27 +/- 6%, P = 0.01) and higher subcutaneous (213 +/- 61 vs. 160 +/- 78 cm2, P = 0.03) and visceral (44 +/- 16 vs. 35 +/- 14 cm2, P < 0.05) abdominal adiposity in the MONW group versus the normal group. The MONW group showed a lower physical activity energy expenditure (2.66 +/- 0.92 vs. 4.39 +/- 1.50 MJ/day, P = 0.01), but no difference in cardiorespiratory fitness was noted between groups. In conclusion, despite a normal body weight, a subset of young, apparently healthy women displayed a cluster of risky phenotypic characteristics that, if left untreated, may eventually predispose them to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
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PMID:Phenotypic characteristics associated with insulin resistance in metabolically obese but normal-weight young women. 1053 56


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