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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nasal mucociliary clearance (NMC) time and nasal mucus pH were studied in 50 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus and in a group of 50 healthy non-smokers and non-alcoholic controls. NMC time and pH values were found to be significantly increased in diabetics (NMC = 18.02 +/- 5.08 and pH = 7.96 +/- 0.75) as compared to controls (NMC = 7.49 +/- 1.06 and pH 6.43 +/- 0.67). The increase in NMC and pH was much more in patients having insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (NMC - 20.87 +/- 4.71 and pH -8.38 +/- 0.56) than in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (NMC - 15.16 +/- 3.67 and pH -7.53 +/- 0.687) and also when the duration of disease was more than 10 yr (NMC - 22.36 +/- 4.36 and pH -8.47 +/- 0.607). This impairment was attributed to osmotic diuresis with loss of water and electrolytes from all parts of the body and also small vessel abnormalities encountered in diabetes.
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PMID:Nasal mucociliary clearance & mucus pH in patients with diabetes mellitus. 813 27

Previous studies with healthy volunteers and non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) patients have shown a strong association between overall glucose metabolism and hepatic microsomal enzyme activity. In this study, the effects of 10-day oral administration of phenobarbital (PB), a potent inducer of the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase system, on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the basal state and on glucose kinetics during submaximal hyperinsulinemic (5 mU.kg-1.min-1 insulin) clamps were investigated in nondiabetic rats and in rats made diabetic by the intravenous (IV) administration of either low-dose (40 mg/kg) or high-dose (55 mg/kg) streptozocin (STZ). In control rats receiving PB in drinking water (0.5 mg/mL), serum insulin and triglyceride levels were diminished without any change in glucose and cholesterol concentrations in the fed state. Administration of PB in drinking water (0.25 mg/mL) to both groups of diabetic rats decreased their water intake and serum triglyceride levels in the absence of an effect on glucose, insulin, and cholesterol concentrations in the fed state. However, fasting serum glucose levels and basal glucose turnover rates were lower in both groups of diabetic rats receiving PB. PB treatment increased the heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity of epididymal fat in both control and low-dose diabetic groups; this was not assessed in the high-dose diabetic group. Neither peripheral glucose utilization nor hepatic glucose production during submaximal insulin clamps was modified by PB treatment in nondiabetic rats. In contrast, PB administration enhanced insulin-mediated peripheral glucose utilization, as well as suppression of hepatic glucose production, in both low-dose and high-dose diabetic groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Phenobarbital treatment enhances insulin-mediated glucose metabolism and improves lipid metabolism in the diabetic rat. 813 83

It generally is accepted that a diet high in fiber, particularly soluble fiber, is useful in the management of the plasma glucose concentration in individuals with diabetes. This is one of the reasons several national diabetes associations have recommended that diabetic individuals ingest a diet high in fiber-containing foods. However, more recent data obtained in carefully controlled studies with more definitive end points, indicate this may not be the case. It has been shown clearly that addition of water-soluble, gel-forming fiber in the form of guar gum and perhaps gum tragacanth to an ingested glucose solution or to a mixed meal will reduce the expected rise in glucose concentration. This has been demonstrated in both normal subjects and subjects with IDDM and NIDDM. However, it is only observed when large amounts of fiber are added. The fiber also must be mixed with the administered glucose or food. Other less viscous soluble fiber sources such as the pectins and psyllium powder are not effective. In long-term, well-controlled trials, guar gum, pectin, beet fiber, or cereal bran fiber ingested with meals has been of little or no value in controlling the plasma glucose concentration in individuals with NIDDM. Several studies have been conducted in which a high-carbohydrate diet has been reported to reduce the plasma glucose concentration. In these diets, foods with a high fiber content have been emphasized. In general, they were not well controlled, and several confounding variables such as weight loss, decreased food energy intake, different food sources with potential for differences in starch digestibility, and decreased dietary fat content were present.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Dietary fiber in the management of diabetes. 838 31

The glycerol phosphate shuttle consists of FAD-linked mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH) and its cytosolic NAD-linked isoform (cGPDH). Impaired mGPDH activity has recently been suggested to be one of the primary causes of insulin secretory defects in beta-cells. We found that mGPDH and cGPDH activities in MIN6 cells are comparable to those of isolated islets and higher than those in HIT cells by eightfold and threefold, respectively. Therefore, we selected the MIN6 cell line as a beta-cell model with normally regulated insulin secretion and normal shuttle enzyme activities and the HIT cell line as a beta-cell model with impaired insulin secretion and lower activities of these enzymes. The role of these dehydrogenases in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was addressed by examining the effects of overexpression of mGPDH and/or cGPDH via recombinant adenoviruses in these cells. Infection with recombinant adenovirus with a cDNA encoding the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene resulted in expression of its gene in 90% of MIN6 and HIT cells. Infection with a recombinant adenovirus with mGPDH cDNA (Adex1CAmGPDH) caused 2.1-fold and 5.7-fold increases in dehydrogenase activity as compared with those of control MIN6 and HIT cells, respectively. Infection with a recombinant adenovirus with cGPDH cDNA (Adex1CAcGPDH) caused a more than 50-fold increase in activity in both cell lines. Glycerol phosphate shuttle flux, as estimated by [2-3H]glycerol conversion to [3H]H2O, was increased to 120-130% by infection with Adex1CAmGPDH, but not with Adex1CAcGPDH infection, in both MIN6 and HIT cells. No further increase in flux through the glycerol phosphate shuttle was detected when the cells were infected with Adex1CAmGPDH together with Adex1CAcGPDH. Furthermore, neither [U-14C]glucose oxidation nor the insulin secretory response to glucose was affected in either cell line. Thus, mGPDH abundance in MIN6 and HIT cells is not directly related to their insulin secretory capacity in response to glucose, and reduced expression of mGPDH is not the primary cause of abnormal insulin secretory responses in HIT cells. The present data indicate that the emerging hypothesis pointing to mGPDH deficiency as a possible cause of NIDDM needs to be carefully evaluated.
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PMID:Effect of mitochondrial and/or cytosolic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase overexpression on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from MIN6 and HIT cells. 877 29

Magnesium ions (Mg2+) are pivotal in the transfer, storage and utilization of energy; Mg2+ regulates and catalyzes some 300-odd enzyme systems in mammals. The intracellular level of free Mg2+ ([Mg2+]i) regulates intermediary metabolism, DNA and RNA synthesis and structure, cell growth, reproduction, and membrane structure. Mg2+ has numerous physiological roles among which are control of neuronal activity, cardiac excitability, neuromuscular transmission, muscular contraction, vasomotor tone, blood pressure and peripheral blood flow. Mg2+ modulates and controls cell Ca2+ entry and Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticular membranes. Since the turn of this century, there has been a steady and progressive decline of dietary Mg intake to where much of the Western World population is ingesting less than an optimum RDA. Geographic regions low in soil and water Mg demonstrate increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Dietary deficiency of Mg2+ results in loss of cellular K+ and gain of cellular Na+ and calcium ions (Ca2+). Blood normally contains Mg2+ bound to proteins, Mg2+ complexed to small anion ligands and free ionized Mg2+ (IMg2+). Most clinical laboratories only now assess the total Mg, which consists of all three Mg fractions. Estimation of the IMg2+ level in serum or plasma by analysis of ultrafiltrates (complexed Mg + IMg2+) is somewhat unsatisfactory, as the methods employed do not distinguish the truly ionized form from Mg2+ bound to organic and inorganic anions. Because the levels of these ligands can vary significantly in numerous pathological states, it is desirable to directly measure the levels of IMg2+ in complex matrices such as whole blood, plasma and serum. Using novel ion selective electrodes (ISE's), we have found that there is virtually no difference in IMg2+, irrespective of whether one samples whole blood, plasma or serum. These data demonstrate that the mean concentration of IMg2+ in blood is about 600 mumoles/litre (0.54-0.65 mmol/L, 95% Cl); 65-72% of total Mg being free or biologically-active Mg2+. Use of the NOVA and KONE ISE's for IMg2+ on plasma and sera from patients with a variety of pathophysiologic and disease syndromes (e.g., long-term renal transplants, liver transplants, during and before cardiac surgery, ischemic heart disease [IHD], headaches, pregnancy, neonatal period, non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM), end-stage renal disease [ESRD], hemodialyse [HEM], and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), hypertension, myocardial infarction [AMI] and after excessive dietary intake of Mg), has revealed interesting data. The results indicate that long-term renal transplant patients, headache, pregnant, NIDDM, ESRD, HEM, CAPD, AMI, hypertensive, and IHD subjects exhibit, on the average significant depression in IMg2+ but not TMg. Use of 31P-NMR spectroscopy on red blood cells, from several of these disease states, to assess free intracellular Mg ([Mg2+]i demonstrates a high correlation (r = 0.5-0.8) between IMg2+ and [Mg2+]i. Increased dietary load of Mg, for only 6 days, in human volunteers, resulted in significant elevations in serum IMg2+ but not TMg. Correlations between the clinical course of several of the above disease syndromes and the fall in IMg2+ and [Mg2+]i were found. The ICa2+/IMg2+ ratio appears, from our data, to be an important guide for signs of peripheral vasoconstriction, ischemia or spasm and possibly atherogenesis. Overall, our data point to important uses for ISE's for IMg2+ in the diagnosis and treatment of disease states.
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PMID:Role of magnesium in patho-physiological processes and the clinical utility of magnesium ion selective electrodes. 886 38

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute effect of ethanol on insulin sensitivity, and glucose, insulin, free fatty acid (FFA), and triacylglycerol responses in ten patients with non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes. In the test study an oral dose of 0.66 g ethanol/kg followed by continuous intravenous infusion of 0.1 g ethanol/kg per h was given to maintain a constant ethanol level in the blood. In the control study identical volumes of oral water and intravenous saline (9 g NaCl/l) were given. After 90 min insulin sensitivity was determined by the hyperinsulinaemic, euglycaemic clamp technique. Ethanol caused no change in blood glucose or insulin concentrations. The FFA level was suppressed by ethanol while the triacylglycerol level was unaffected. The insulin sensitivity was not affected by ethanol. No major acute effect of ethanol on the glycaemic control in fasting type 2 diabetic patients was found in comparison with what is seen in healthy people. The present study, along with the sparse literature, indicates that the ability of ethanol to induce hypoglycaemia is attenuated or absent in diet-treated type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, we found no change in insulin sensitivity. Consequently, the risk of acute ethanol-induced aberrations in carbohydrate metabolism in diet-treated type 2 diabetes seems to be less than previously expected, when alcohol is not taken as a part of a meal.
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PMID:The acute impact of ethanol on glucose, insulin, triacylglycerol,and free fatty acid responses and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. 895 1

This study evaluated the effect of bonded amalgam on the fracture strength of teeth using five adhesive systems: Panavia 21, Amalgambond Plus, Imperva Dual Bond, All-Bond 2 Primer/Bonding Resin, and All-Bond 2 Primer/Liner F. Intact teeth and amalgam lined with Copalite were used as control groups. Large MOD preparations were made in 20 extracted maxillary premolars for each group. The teeth were restored with Tytin. All groups were stored in water at 37 degrees C for 15 days and thermocycled 2500 times, over 8-48 degrees C. The specimens were preloaded five times in compression to 10 kg using a 5 mm-in-diameter, cylindrical steel indenter that contacted the teeth only on the cuspal inclines. Then the teeth were loaded to failure at 5.0 mm/min. The failure mode was recorded (amalgam failure, cusp fracture, or failure at the tooth/amalgam interface). The mean fracture strengths were analyzed using ANOVA and Newman-Keuls multiple comparisons. The Imperva Dual Bond group showed the highest mean forces followed by All-Bond 2 Primer/Bonding Resin. The All-Bond 2 Primer/Liner F and Amalgambond Plus groups demonstrated lower means and were not significantly different from the Copalite group. The Panavia 21 group was in between these two groups and was not statistically different from either group. The mean strength of intact teeth was the highest, but its very large coefficient of variation (60%) prevented effective use of these data for statistical comparison. Analysis of the mode of fracture showed that Panavia 21, All-Bond 2 Primer/Bonding Resin, and Amalgambond Plus failed cohesively in the amalgam in 35%, 25%, and 15% of the specimens respectively. This fracture type is a good indication of effective bonding between tooth and amalgam. The most common type of fracture for all the restored groups was the one that occurred at the tooth/restoration interface. This would suggest that current bonding procedures could be improved.
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PMID:Influence of bonded amalgam restorations on the fracture strength of teeth. 900 70

The hypoglycemic effects of Lagerstroemia speciosa L., known by the Tagalog name of banaba in the Phillipines, were studied using hereditary diabetic mice (Type II, KK-AY/Ta Jcl). The mice were fed a test diet containing 5% of the hot-water extract (HWE) from banaba leaves, 3% of the water eluent of the partial fraction unadsorbed onto HP-20 resin of HWE (HPWE), and 2% of the methanol eluent of the partial fraction adsorbed onto HP-20 resin of it (HPME) for a feeding period of 5 weeks. The elevation of blood plasma glucose level in non-insulin dependent diabetic mice fed the cellulose as control (CEL) diet were almost entirely suppressed by addition of either HWE or HPME in place of cellulose in the CEL diet. Water intakes were inclined to increase gradually in the group fed either CEL or HPWE, but lower in the mice fed either HWE or HPME than in the animals given either CEL or HPME. The level of serum insulin and the amount of urinary excreted glucose were also lowered in mice fed HWE. Plasma total cholesterol level was also lowered in mice fed the either HWE or HPME. It is suggested that HWE, especially HPME, obtained from banaba leaves have beneficial effects on control of the level of plasma glucose in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Hypoglycemic effect of extracts from Lagerstroemia speciosa L. leaves in genetically diabetic KK-AY mice. 906 66

Periodontal disease is a common infection-induced inflammatory disease among individuals suffering from diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of treatment of periodontal disease on the level of metabolic control of diabetes. A total of 113 Native Americans (81 females and 32 males) suffering from periodontal disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) were randomized into 5 treatment groups. Periodontal treatment included ultrasonic scaling and curettage combined with one of the following antimicrobial regimens: 1) topical water and systemic doxycycline, 100 mg for 2 weeks; 2) topical 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) and systemic doxycycline, 100 mg for 2 weeks; 3) topical povidone-iodine and systemic doxycycline, 100 mg for 2 weeks; 4) topical 0.12% CHX and placebo; and 5) topical water and placebo (control group). Assessments were performed prior to and at 3 and 6 months after treatment and included probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis in subgingival plaque and determination of serum glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). After treatment all study groups showed clinical and microbial improvement. The doxycycline-treated groups showed the greatest reduction in probing depth and subgingival Porphyromonas gingivalis compared to the control group. In addition, all 3 groups receiving systemic doxycycline showed, at 3 months, significant reductions (P < or = 0.04) in mean HbA1c reaching nearly 10% from the pretreatment value. Effective treatment of periodontal infection and reduction of periodontal inflammation is associated with a reduction in level of glycated hemoglobin. Control of periodontal infections should thus be an important part of the overall management of diabetes mellitus patients.
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PMID:Treatment of periodontal disease in diabetics reduces glycated hemoglobin. 928 60

We have used the whole-cell recording technique to determine whether ATP-sensitive potassium (K[ATP]) currents, voltage-dependent Ca2+ currents, and exocytosis are different in single beta-cells from pancreatic islets of Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, a novel model of NIDDM, and normal rats. In addition, we have also measured the insulin secretory responses, ATP content, and the rate of glucose metabolism in intact islets. Although the glucose sensitivity of the K(ATP) current was similar between GK rats and controls, in the absence of glucose, K(ATP) current density was larger in GK rats, which resulted in a more hyperpolarized membrane potential. Whole-cell Ca2+ currents were similar. By monitoring the cell capacitance with a fixed intracellular solution, no difference was detected in the exocytotic responses of beta-cells from normal and GK rats. In islets from GK rats, the rates of glucose utilization ([3H]H2O production from 5-[3H]glucose) and oxidation ([14C]CO2 production from U-[14C]glucose) were not significantly different from controls. Insulin secretion, however, was impaired (by 50%), and this was paralleled by a smaller increase in ATP content in response to stimulation by 10 mmol/l glucose in islets from GK rats when compared with controls. Under conditions in which K(ATP) channels were held open and the effects of glucose were independent of membrane potential, insulin release was still significantly lower in GK rat islets than in controls. These findings suggest that the impaired insulin secretion in islets from GK rats does not simply result from a failure to close K(ATP) channels, nor does it result from an impairment in calcium secretion coupling.
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PMID:Electrophysiological and metabolic characterization of single beta-cells and islets from diabetic GK rats. 942 77


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