Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To clarify a possible mechanism whereby the perception of thirst may be associated with diabetes mellitus, we measured plasma levels of vasopressin (AVP), angiotensin II (ANG II), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and plasma renin activity (PRA) in non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM) diabetic patients with or without thirst. Thirteen male NIDDM patients complaining of thirst had a significantly high blood hematocrit, plasma urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations and plasma osmolality, indicating a reduction in plasma volume. In addition, the patients had a significantly high mean plasma concentrations of AVP (3.20 +/- 1.27 pmol/l) ANG II (33.8 +/- 31.4 pmol/l) and PRA, but a low mean plasma ANP concentration (8.9 +/- 4.5 pmol/l). After treatment with diet and/or sulfonylurea, plasma levels of AVP, ANG II and PRA decreased with a concomitant increase in plasma volume and disappearance of thirst. In contrast, 13 NIDDM patients (9 females and 4 males) without thirst had normal plasma urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations, and the hematocrit did not change significantly after treatment. Plasma AVP (0.95 +/- 0.34 pmol/l), ANG II (14.7 +/- 8.8 pmol/l) and ANP (10.7 +/- 4.9 pmol/l) concentrations, and PRA were normal in this group of patients. There was no significant difference between the two groups of patients, however, in fasting glucose concentration and HbA1c. We conclude from these results that a reduction in plasma volume may be the major factor responsible for the induction of thirst sensation and for increased AVP secretion in NIDDM patients. The mechanism underlying a reduction in plasma volume remains unclear.
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PMID:Thirst and plasma levels of vasopressin, angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 182 24

Prolonged hypoglycemia induced by acetohexamide (AH) in a patient with noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus accompanied by primary hypothyroidism was presented. A 74-year-old man who had been treated with AH (500mg, daily) for diabetes mellitus since 1973 was admitted to our hospital in Oct. 1988 because of hypoglycemic coma. On admission, the level of blood glucose was 20mg/dl. Continuous intravenous administration of 10 per cent glucose solution led to improvement in the mental state on the second day. However, the level of blood glucose remained between 30 to 45mg/dl for four days after admission. On the fifth day, a fasting blood glucose level finally reached 75mg/dl. In a thyroid function test, the serum levels of thyroid hormone showed the following decreases: T3 68ng/dl, T4 2.8 micrograms/dl, free T4 0.3ng/dl, while basal TSH levels increased to 50.3 microU/ml. Since anti-thyroid microsomal antibody was positive and thyroid 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake was slightly elevated, the hypothyroidism in this patient was considered to be caused by chronic thyroiditis. Urinalysis was positive for protein. In a renal function test, the blood urea nitrogen was 26.7mg/dl and creatinine 1.7mg/dl, and creatinine clearance decreased to 22ml/min. After thyroid function returned to euthyroid, creatinine clearance improved (41 ml/min). To clarify the relationship between hypothyroidism and the metabolism of AH, the serum levels of AH and its metabolite hydroxyhexamide (HH) following oral administration of AH (500mg) were evaluated before and after thyroxine replacement therapy. The blood glucose level before therapy was lower than that after therapy, and hypoglycemic symptoms were observed early in the second and third morning after AH administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:A case of acetohexamide-induced hypoglycemia: the influence of hypothyroidism on the metabolism of acetohexamide. 201 45

Vibratory and cooling detection thresholds (VDT and CDT) were determined at both the palmar aspect of the distal phalanx of the right index finger (upper limb) and the plantar aspect of the distal phalanx of the right great toe (lower limb) in 53 consecutive patients with diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), in order to analyze the frequency of the abnormality of each threshold and the relationship between each threshold and the clinical or laboratory findings. VDT in the lower limb was statistically correlated with age, duration of diabetes mellitus, and blood urea nitrogen value of each patient, but not with fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1C levels. VDT in the lower limb was significantly greater in the groups of patients with each of the subjective sensory disturbances, peripheral neuropathy (based on our criteria), retinopathy, and proteinuria. Forty-seven per cent of the patients showed clinically peripheral neuropathy, and the frequencies of the abnormality of VDT, CDT and VDT or CDT were 34, 26 and 45%, respectively. VDT and CDT reflect the abnormality of different populations of the peripheral nerve fibers and seem to be affected separately. The determination of both VDT and CDT is useful for the evaluation of the neuropathic state of diabetic patients.
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PMID:[Vibratory and cooling detection thresholds in diabetes mellitus]. 238 92

The ability of empirical formulae to predict K.t/V based on the ratio (R) of the postdialysis (Ct) to predialysis (Co) plasma urea nitrogen levels was tested. In 256 patients, 336 three-point modeling sessions were performed. The K.t/V and NPCR were derived by interative solution of equations for V and G according to the variable volume single-pool model. The modeled K.t/V values were compared to K.t/V predicted from the formula: K.t/V = -ln (R - 0.008.t-UF/W), where R is the Ct/Co ratio, t the session length (h), UF the ultrafiltrate volume (liters) and W the postdialysis weight (kg). Further, the ratio-derived K.t/V was used in conjunction with the Gotch nomogram for 3/week dialysis to estimate NPCR (NPCR-R/N); the latter value was compared to the NPCR from standard 3-point modeling (NPCR-MOD). The two K.t/V values were quite similar, although statistically separable: modeled K.t/V, 0.97 +/- 0.22 (SD), ratio-derived K.t/V 0.96 +/- 0.23, p less than 0.001. The mean percent error was -0.73% +/- 2.5 (range - 11 to + 4.8), and the correlation coefficient was 0.994, slope 1.01, int -0.016. Modifications of the prediction formula which incorporated UF/V instead of UF/W, and/or which weighted the UF/V term according to the expected K.t/V, produced only slight improvement in accuracy. The two values of NPCR were less similar, but still highly correlated: NPCR-MOD, 1.04 +/- 0.26 g/kg/day, NPCR-R/N, 0.94 +/- 0.23, p less than 0.001; mean percent error, - 8.2 +/- 16; r = 0.78, slope = 0.68, int = 0.23.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The post: pre dialysis plasma urea nitrogen ratio to estimate K.t/V and NPCR: validation. 237 73

We examined clinical and laboratory features retrospectively in 402 patients at the start of chronic hemodialysis in order to define better the "uremic syndrome" in the dialysis era. The information gathered included demographic data, renal diagnoses, uremic symptoms, biochemical values, and prevalences of hypertension (69%), diabetes mellitus (23%) and ischemic heart disease (16%). Unexpected findings were the wide ranges of serum creatinine levels (3.5 to 35 mg/dl) and blood urea nitrogen levels (35 to 345 mg/dl), and the frequency of hyponatremia (27%), hypoalbuminemia (52%), and anion gaps above 25 mg/dl (5%). There were higher hematocrits in males and diabetics, lower serum creatinine levels in females, diabetics and older patients, and lower blood urea nitrogen levels in blacks. The time interval from diagnosis of diabetes mellitus to initiation of dialysis in patients with diabetic nephropathy due to juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus (20.6 +/- 6.8 years) was twice that in adult onset diabetes mellitus (10.3 +/- 8.3 years).
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PMID:Clinical and laboratory features of patients with chronic renal disease at the start of dialysis. 292 Apr 71

To determine the effects of very-low-calorie diets on the metabolic abnormalities of diabetes and obesity, we have studied 10 obese, non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) and 5 obese, nondiabetic subjects for 36 days on a metabolic ward during consumption of a liquid diet of 300 kcal/day with 30 g of protein. Rapid improvement occurred in the glycemic indices of the diabetic subjects, with mean (+/- SEM) fasting plasma glucose falling from 291 +/- 21 to 95 +/- 6 mg/dl (P less than 0.001) and total glycosylated hemoglobin from 13.1 +/- 0.7% to 8.8 +/- 0.3% (P less than 0.001) (normal reference range 5.5-8.5%). Lipid elevations were normalized with plasma triglycerides reduced to less than 100 mg/dl and total plasma cholesterol to less than 150 mg/dl in both groups. Hormonal and substrate responses were also comparable between groups with reductions in insulin and triiodothyronine and moderate elevations in blood and urinary ketoacid levels without a corresponding rise in free fatty acids. Electrolyte balance for sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus was initially negative but approached equilibrium by completion of the study. Magnesium, in contrast, remained in positive balance in both groups throughout. Total nitrogen loss varied widely among all subjects, ranging from 70 to 367 g, and showed a strong positive correlation with initial lean body mass (N = 0.83, P less than 0.001) and total weight loss (N = 0.87, P less than 0.001). The nondiabetic group, which had a significantly greater initial body weight and lean body mass than the diabetic group, also had a significantly greater weight loss of 450 +/- 31 g/day compared with 308 +/- 19 g/day (P less than 0.01) in the diabetic subjects. The composition of the weight lost at completion was similar in both groups and ranged from 21.6% to 31.3% water, 3.9% to 7.8% protein, and 60.9% to 74.5% fat. The contribution of both water and protein progressively decreased and fat increased, resulting in unchanged caloric requirements during the diet. This study demonstrates that short-term treatment with a very-low-calorie diet in both obese diabetic and nondiabetic subjects results in: safe and effective weight loss associated with the normalization of elevated glucose and lipid levels, a large individual variability in total nitrogen loss determined principally by the initial lean body mass, and progressive increments in the contribution of fat to weight loss with stable caloric requirements and no evidence of a hypometabolic response.
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PMID:Metabolic consequences of very-low-calorie diet therapy in obese non-insulin-dependent diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. 351 Sep 22

We have studied the factors of variation of the urinary allantoin excretion with sheep billy goats and goats during digestibility trials. The urinary excretion of nitrogen allantoin (Nal) is highly correlated with the intake of digestible organic matter (DOM) and soluble nitrogen (Ns) for the sheeps billy goats and goats. By multiple regression we have estimated the daily endogenous excretion of Nal at 160 mg (goats) and 60 mg (sheeps and billy goats) respectively 8.5 and 2.6 mg/kg W0.75. The differences observed between sheeps and billy goats (Nal = 27.3 +/- 11.3 and 32.2 +/- 9.4 mg/kg W0.75) agree with the differences observed in the DOM and Ns intakes. The dairy goats eat more than the billy goats (69.5 against 52.0 DOM/kg W0.75 and 412 against 315 mg Ns/kg W0.75) but they excrete less Nal (36.3 mg against 42.3/kg W0.75). During the first two weeks of lactation the goats with negative N balance excrete more Nal than the goats with positive N balance (78 mg Nal against 57 mg/100 g DOM). Although large variations of DOM and Ns, the amount of Nal excreted before and after kidding doesn't vary. In these last conditions the general relation between Nal and intake of DOM and Ns no longer holds. Since the disponible energy (MOD) and soluble nitrogen intake supplies for the rumen microorganisms influence the amount of synthetised microbials protein (and so the amount of nucleic acids entering the duodenum) our regressions confirm the assumption that the excretion of Nal is related with the nucleic acids metabolism. However when Nal is utilised as an index of the nucleic acids catabolism, the factors that are able to create the variations either in the endogenous production of allantoin (uterine involution, bodily mobilisation, foetus growth, mammary gland development) or in the nucleic acids valorization must be taken into account.
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PMID:[Factors altering allantoin excretion by sheep and goats]. 666 Oct 27

The primary results of a three-year prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) patients show that an anti-hypertensive regimen, which includes the ACE inhibitor enalapril, preserves renal function to a greater extent than therapy with antihypertensive agents excluding ACE inhibitors (J Am Soc Nephrol 3:335, 1992). The influence of baseline urinary albumin excretion on the renal protective effects of enalapril treatment in these subjects was the objective of this further analysis. Adequate data were available in 121 patients of the 165 hypertensive NIDDM individuals studied [baseline glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 30 to 100 ml/min/1.73 m2]. Twenty-four hour urinary excretion of albumin (UAE), protein, urea nitrogen, creatinine and isotopically determined GFR were measured at baseline and six month intervals. Glycemic control and blood pressure regulation were assessed every three months. The rate of loss of GFR was significantly greater in patients with overt proteinuria at baseline (UAE > 300 mg/24 hr) as compared to patients with baseline sub-clinical proteinuria (UAE < or = 300 mg/24 hr). Antihypertensive treatment with enalapril preserved GFR significantly better (P < 0.01) in the patients with sub-clinical proteinuria at baseline (UAE < or = 300 mg/24 hr) than other antihypertensive treatments which excluded the ACE inhibitor. Furthermore, only 7% of the enalapril-treated group progressed to clinical albuminuria compared to 21% of control treated patients. Although the enalapril-treated group had a lower mean blood pressure during the maintenance period, no correlation between blood pressure (systolic, diastolic or mean arterial) and rate of change of GFR was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Renal protective effects of enalapril in hypertensive NIDDM: role of baseline albuminuria. 815 85

This study determined the effects of exercise on the ability of inflammatory macrophages to inhibit tumor cell growth in vitro (macrophage cytotoxicity). Thioglycollate injection (1 ml ip) was used as an inflammatory challenge and to partially activate macrophages for cytotoxicity. Inbred male C3H/HeN mice (n = 180) exercised moderately (MOD, 18 m/min, 30 min/day, 5% grade) or to exhaustion (EXH, 18-35 m/min, 2-4 h, 5% grade) on a motor-driven treadmill for 3 consecutive days after injection. Control (CON) mice were kept in stimulated treadmill lanes directly over the runners. Mice were killed immediately or 3 or 8 h postexercise. Macrophages from both MOD and EXH exercise groups manifested significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced (approximately 50%) cytotoxicity compared with those from CON group at all time points postexercise. This potentially beneficial exercise effect was not related to macrophage production of interleukin-1 beta, reactive nitrogen or oxygen intermediates, or number of macrophages in the assay but may have been manifested, in part, by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Plasma corticosterone was significantly elevated immediately postexercise in MOD and EXH compared with CON mice; however, no evidence existed for an immuno-suppressive effect of corticosterone on macrophage cytotoxicity, perhaps because of insensitivity of inflammatory macrophages to glucocorticoid suppression seen in vitro. These data only partially support the "inverted U hypothesis," which states that moderate exercise may enhance, whereas very heavy exercise or a lack of exercise may attenuate, the immune response. Further study is needed to determine the physiological significance of these findings and the effects of exercise on macrophage subsets sensitive to glucocorticoid suppression (i.e., fully activated macrophages).
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PMID:Exercise increases inflammatory macrophage antitumor cytotoxicity. 822 94

Rapid growth large frame (RL, n = 61) or average growth medium frame (AM, n = 71) biotype heifers fed to achieve either moderate (MOD, .6 kg/d) or high ADG (HI, 1.0 kg/d) were used to determine whether puberty occurs at similar body composition or metabolic status. A heifer was considered pubertal after being detected in estrus and then forming a functional corpus luteum. Live animal estimates of body composition and blood samples for assessment of metabolic status were taken at 13 +/- .2 d after estrus for all heifers. Body composition and metabolic status were assessed every 56 d from 7 mo of age until puberty in a subset of 80 heifers representing all biotype-diet combinations. At puberty, 32 of these 80 heifers were slaughtered and physical and chemical composition of the empty body were determined. High-gain diet heifers were younger, heavier, taller, and more muscular (all P < .01) at puberty than MOD heifers. Slaughter measurements paralleled live animal estimates; bodies of HI and RL heifers contained more (P < .01) carcass and noncarcass components than those of MOD and AM heifers, respectively. Carcasses of RL and HI heifers were more (P < .05) muscular and fatter than AM and MOD heifers. At puberty, HI heifers had a greater (P < .01) mass of moisture, fat, and fat-free organic matter (FFOM) than MOD, whereas RL heifers had more moisture, ash, and FFOM than AM. Percentage of fat was greater (22.1 +/- 1.0 vs 1.0 vs 19.1 +/- 1.0; P < .05) and percentage of moisture was less (55.4 +/- .6 vs 58.1 +/- .6; P < .01) in bodies of HI than in those of MOD heifers. Concentrations of blood urea nitrogen and insulin were greater (P < .05) in HI than in MOD heifers. Diet did not influence concentration of IGF-I or glucose, and metabolic markers were unaffected by biotype. No dramatic changes in body composition or metabolic signals were detected before puberty. Puberty did not occur at similar body composition or metabolic status in all heifers.
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PMID:Body composition and metabolic profiles associated with puberty in beef heifers. 858 1


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