Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cognitive performance on a number of tasks is poorer in individuals with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) than in age-matched nondiabetics. In this study, diabetic and nondiabetic individuals, 55-74 years of age, learned target words, half of which were self-chosen and the remainder assigned. To evaluate susceptibility to background interference, each target was accompanied by one or more unrelated background words. On a recognition test, susceptibility to background interference appeared to be greater in diabetic individuals. The allocation of processing resources to target and background stimuli was more uniform in diabetic than in nondiabetic individuals. While choice improved recognition of target and background words for both groups, its effectiveness was attenuated in NIDDM. Choice facilitates the differentiation of target from background stimuli--a process that may reduce interference from background stimuli.
J Gerontol 1991 Sep
PMID:Choice enhances performance in non-insulin dependent diabetics and controls. 189 Feb 88

It is probable that NIDDM has a multifactorial origin in which environmental factors hasten the progression of the disease in genetically predisposed individuals. The importance of the genetic contribution to NIDDM has been established by the study of certain inbred populations, the almost 100% concordance of disease in monozygotic twins and by familial clustering. However, progress in identifying specific genetic factors involved in NIDDM has been slow and no consistent evidence has emerged supporting a major aetiological role for any of the genes so far studied. This may be due in part to methodological problems encountered in the identification of such disease susceptibility genes.
Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991 Sep
PMID:Genetics of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. 189 72

Family studies suggest a strong genetic component in the aetiology of non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM), with evidence for a major gene of co-dominant or dominant effect. A gene-dosage effect, whereby diabetes develops earlier in people with two susceptibility genes than in those with one susceptibility gene is likely. The search for the diabetes gene has led to the cloning and characterization of many genes involved in controlling glucose homeostasis. These include the insulin, insulin receptor, glucose transporter, amylin and glucokinase genes. Molecular techniques have permitted rapid screening of these genes in NIDDM patients and controls. There is now a rather contradictory genetic literature for NIDDM, with weak disease associations reported and refuted for most candidate genes. However, pedigree analyses and DNA sequencing of available candidate genes and their regulatory regions have failed to implicate any of these in the common form of diabetes, NIDDM. Methodical application of random clones in well-defined NIDDM families may be the strategy of choice in finding the NIDDM genes, given the wide range of genes potentially involved in the glucose and lipoprotein metabolic disturbances seen in NIDDM.
Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991 Sep
PMID:Genetics of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in 1990. 189 73

The European NIDDM Policy Group states that the lowest target for good control of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients is a blood glucose level 4.4 mmol/l, both fasting and postprandially. The aim of this study is to evaluate the occurrence and temporal distribution of values under this target in the clinical records of 463 Type 2 diabetic patients, treated by diet or diet and oral hypoglycaemic agents, monitored for at least 2 years. The protocol includes blood glucose measurements after overnight fasting (08.00 hours), 120-150 min after breakfast (11.00 hours) and 120 and 240 min after lunch (14.00 and 16.00 hours). At least one blood glucose concentration of less than 4.4 mmol/l was presented by 42% of the patients. The only difference between patients showing and not showing glycaemic levels under this target was the higher percentage on oral hypoglycaemic agents in the first group (68.4% vs 56.9%, p = 0.016). We considered 299 blood glucose profiles containing at least one value of less than 4.4 mmol/l, observing that a) 46.9% of profiles from patients treated by diet alone and 68.7% of profiles from patients treated both by diet and oral hypoglycaemic agents presented the lowest blood glucose concentration at 16.00 hours (p = 0.002). b) No correlation existed between fasting blood glucose and values at 16.00 hours in profiles from diet-treated patients, whereas a negative correlation was present in patients on diet and oral hypoglycaemic agents, indicating that an excess of oral agents, administered to correct fasting hyperglycaemia, was the cause of the low glycaemic values in the afternoon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Diabetologia 1991 Sep
PMID:Occurrence of low blood glucose concentrations during the afternoon in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients on oral hypoglycaemic agents: importance of blood glucose monitoring. 195 99

Abnormalities of plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations are common in both insulin-dependent (IDDM) and non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM) diabetes mellitus. In general, individuals with IDDM who are untreated or inadequately treated have elevations in both postprandial and fasting triglyceride levels in association with reduced activity of lipoprotein lipase. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels can rise when insulin deficiency impacts on LDL-receptor function. When patients with IDDM are treated and plasma glucose levels well controlled, plasma very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride and LDL cholesterol levels are usually normal. In addition, plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels are normal or elevated in well-controlled IDDM subjects. In NIDDM, increased VLDL triglyceride and reduced HDL cholesterol concentrations are common and are only partially related to glycemic control. Overproduction of VLDL leads to hypertriglyceridemia, which can be exacerbated if lipoprotein lipase activity is also reduced. The regulation of LDL levels is complex; catabolism can be reduced if significant insulin deficiency exists or increased if significant hypertriglyceridemia is present. The reduced levels of HDL cholesterol in NIDDM appear to be related to increased exchange of HDL cholesteryl esters for VLDL triglycerides, although other mechanisms may exist. The roles of insulin resistance, obesity, and independently inherited abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism in the etiology of dyslipidemia of NIDDM are complex and require further investigation. Finally, the effects of diabetes on glycosylation of apoproteins; on other lipid enzymes, particularly hepatic triglyceride lipase; on lipoprotein surface lipids; and on hepatic uptake of remnants have only just begun to be defined. In view of the marked increase in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes mellitus, prompt attention to and aggressive therapy for dyslipidemia should be a central component of care for these patients.
Diabetes Care 1991 Sep
PMID:Lipoprotein physiology in nondiabetic and diabetic states. Relationship to atherogenesis. 195 76

Nucleic acid sequences specific for human cytomegalovirus (CMV) were found in samples of pancreatic tissue from patients with non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus. RNA extracted from paraffin-embedded or fresh-frozen specimens from 14 of 32 (44%) diabetic patients but from none of 49 non-diabetic controls reacted with 10 kb (pJN201) or 6.6 kb (pCM3) probes of human CMV immediate-early or late gene products, respectively. The RNA from the 32 diabetic patients did not react with nucleic acid probes for mumps, rubella, or coxsackie B viruses. In-situ nucleic acid hybridisation on tissues from 5 randomly selected human-CMV-positive patients showed that the human CMV signal was localised primarily in the islets of Langerhans and not in exocrine cells. Despite the clear viral nucleic acid signal in tissues of human-CMV-positive patients, there were no morphological injuries to the islets, no inflammatory cells in the islets, and no perivascular inflammatory cell cuffing. These findings suggest a possible association of human CMV with type 2 diabetes in human beings.
Lancet 1990 Sep 15
PMID:Detection of cytomegalovirus nucleic acid sequences in pancreas in type 2 diabetes. 197 50

Urine albumin (Alb), total protein (TP) and creatinine (Cr) concentrations and the activities of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) were measured in untimed random urine samples from 157 non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM) diabetic subjects and 54 healthy subjects. In NIDDM subjects the excretions of TP, Alb, NAG, AAP, GGT (expressed in relation to creatinine) were significantly higher and were abnormal in 59.9%, 68.8%, 47.2%, 41.4% and 13.4% of the subjects, respectively. However, 24.5%, 22.4% and 6.1% of NIDDM subjects with normal Alb/Cr ratio had abnormal excretion of NAG, AAP and GGT, respectively. Alb/Cr ratio was greater than 26.8 mg/mmol (considered to be equivalent to albumin excretion of 250 mg/24 h) in 14.6% and between 2.5-26.8 mg/mmol (equivalent to albumin excretion rates of 20-250 mg/24 h) in 54.1% of subjects. In those diabetic subjects with clinical retinopathy only Alb/Cr ratio was higher. Arterial blood pressure was significantly correlated with Alb/Cr (r = 0.365) and NAG/Cr (r = 0.204). We conclude that prevalence of abnormal Alb/Cr is relatively common among Chinese NIDDM subjects.
Clin Nephrol 1990 Sep
PMID:Urinary excretion of albumin and enzymes in non-insulin-dependent Chinese diabetics. 197 40

Serum immunoreactive insulin responses to meal stimulus were studied in 20 newly detected non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients, following one week of treatment with high carbohydrate, high fibre diet and glibenclamide. Ten patients showed "rapid glycaemic response" i.e. the glycaemic response was good within a week. The rest of them were called "slow responders". The insulin responses were heterogenous. Mathematical calculations using the glucose and insulin responses showed improved beta cell function and peripheral action of insulin in rapid responders. On the other hand, the slow responders showed only slightly improved beta cell function with no change in peripheral action of insulin. The second phase of the study constituted follow-up studies upto 6 months. The corrected insulin response (CIR) increased initially in several patients. The peripheral insulin action improved in all patients with longer duration of treatment and lower insulin concentrations were required to maintain normoglycaemia at this stage. The results of the study indicate that a) multiple factors influence glucoregulation, b) even short term effects of the drug appear to be mediated by extra pancreatic mechanisms, and c) the extrapancreatic action improves significantly on long term use of the drug.
J Assoc Physicians India 1990 Sep
PMID:Changes in peripheral insulin concentrations in non insulin dependent diabetes during treatment. Assessment by mathematical applications. 212 42

Fasting total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), HDL cholesterol (HDL C), apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1) and apolipoprotein B (apo B) were measured in 35 non-insulin dependent diabetic patients treated by diet with or without sulphonylureas and 35 control subjects matched for age, sex, and body mass index. Ratios of apolipoprotein and lipid were calculated. The diabetics were well controlled with a mean (+/- SD) glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1) of 8.5 +/- 1.3% (normal range less than 8%). Compared to non-diabetic control subjects apo A1: HDL C, apo B: TC, and apo B: calculated LDL C were significantly higher in the NIDDM patients, (112.9 +/- 26.3 vs 83.0 +/- 28.7, p less than 0.001, 15.89 +/- 1.68 vs 14.22 +/- 3.48, p less than 0.01, and 24.32 +/- 3.19 vs 22.33 +/- 5.49, p less than 0.05 respectively). These findings reflect differences in cholesterol content in the absence of differences in apolipoprotein concentrations between the NIDDM and control groups. The cardiovascular risk ratio HDL C: non HDL C was significantly lower in the NIDDM patients (0.25 +/- 0.09 vs 0.31 +/- 0.15, p less than 0.01), but there was no difference in apo A1:apo B (1.42 +/- 0.42 vs 1.43 +/- 0.52, NS). Although apo A1: apo B correlated well with HDL C:non HDL C in both NIDDM and controls (r = 0.88, 0.72, p less than 0.001 respectively) the slope of the relationships differed b = 4.01 NIDDM vs 2.50 controls (95% confidence intervals for difference is 0.22-2.78). Simple widely available methods can identify abnormalities of lipoprotein content in treated NIDDM patients. Both HDL and LDL contain less cholesterol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Diabetes Res 1990 Sep
PMID:Apolipoprotein and lipid ratios in treated non-insulin dependent diabetics. 213 96

We determined red blood cell (RBC) lactate concentrations in NIDDM subjects using an experimental protocol in which diabetic RBCs were incubated over 8 hours both with own plasma and with normal plasma. Furthermore, normal RBCs were incubated both with own plasma and with diabetic plasma. The results indicate that the increased lactate concentrations in RBCs from NIDDM subjects decreased significantly when the same RBCs were incubated in normal plasma. Conversely, lactate concentrations in normal RBCs increased significantly when RBCs were incubated in diabetic plasma. Thus, other than muscle and adipose tissue, RBCs may contribute to increase lactate release for hepatic gluconeogenesis in NIDDM and we suggest that there may be extrinsic plasmatic factor(s) capable of stimulatory effect on diabetic RBC glycolytic pathway.
Diabetes Res 1990 Sep
PMID:Increase in red cell lactate concentration and its reduction by isologous plasma in NIDDM subjects. 213 98


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