Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

(Full text is available at http://www.manu.edu.mk/prilozi). The study was aimed to define the risk factors for development of peripheral arterial (PAD) and carotid artery disease (CARD) among type 2 diabetic patients (T2D). The study population consisted of 30 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and absent vascular disease. the mean age of the study population was 53.3 +/- 7.3 years. 60% of patients were women and 40% of them men. Patients were followed up for three years for development of peripheral and carotid artery disease. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) was defined by ankle-brachial index < 0.9 or > 1.3. Carotid arterial disease was defined if carotid plaque or stenosis (> 50%) presented. We built a multivariable logistic regression analysis to define the factors of development of vascular disease and a multiple linear regression analysis to identify the factors associated independently with numerous values of carotid IMT and ABI. Development of PAD and CARD were registered in 43.8% of patients. Progression of carotid IMT was found in 62.5 % of pts. Progression of PAD was predicted by HDL - cholesterol and urea, systolic blood pressure and diabetes duration. Progression of carotid IMT was determinate with: BMI, weight, diastolic blood pressure and age. Our study defined risk factors that independently influence the development of PAD and CARD in pts with T2D. This data has clinical usefulness in the improvement of prevention and in optimizing the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients. Key words: peripheral arterial disease, ankle-brachial index, carotid plaque, carotid stenosis, IMT, type 2 diabetes.
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PMID:Risk factors for development of peripheral and carotid artery disease among type 2 diabetic patients. 1973 32

Recent studies have shown that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can exert regulatory affects on lipid and glucose homeostasis. It has been demonstrated that hyperglycemia also involving the formation of lipid peroxides, exert several biological effects that may contribute to the onset and progression of thyroid and kidney abnormalities of postmenopausal women Type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of HRT, vitamin C and E (VCE) treatments on some plasma biochemical and hematological parameters and plasma thyroid hormone levels in postmenopausal women with or without diabetes. Oral HRT and VCE supplementation were compared with no HRT treatment in 40 non-diabetic postmenopausal women and 40 postmenopausal women with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, in a 6-week randomized prospective study. In the 20 women with diabetes who received oral HRT and the 20 women with diabetes who received HRT plus VCE, there was a significant fall in urea, uric acid, creatinine, total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, AST, ALT, LDH values. There was no significant change in red blood cell counts, total protein, albumin, sodium, potassium, hematocrit, hemoglobin and free thyrotoxine and triiodothyronine values in postmenopausal women with diabetes or treated with oral HRT and VCE. In conclusion, daily VCE and HRT administrations seem to produce significant improvement on biochemical parameters in the blood of postmenopausal women with Type 2 diabetes. The HRT and VCE supplementations may strengthen the antioxidant defense system and they may play a role in preventing kidney and liver diseases of postmenopausal women with Type 2 diabetes.
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PMID:Effects of hormone replacement therapy with vitamin C and E supplementation on plasma thyroid hormone levels in postmenopausal women with Type 2 diabetes. 1991 23

The study included 20 patients aged 61-86 (mean 73.1 +/- 3.1) years with stage II hypertensive disease, type 2 diabetes and nephropathy with signs of grade I chronic renal insufficiency (CRI). The major parameters measured were AP, HR, laboratory characteristics of carbohydrate metabolism and renal function. Prestarium given at a dose of 4 mg BID had not only antihypertensive but also negative chronotropic effect, decreased energy consumption by myocardium, and normalized daily AP profile (24 hr AP monitoring). Adequate control of diabetes ensured close-to-normal carbohydrate metabolism. Prestarium therapy did not cause further aggravation of renal insufficiency in patients with grade I CRI, nor did it alter creatinine and urea levels.
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PMID:[Use of prestarium (perindopril) in patients with polymorbidity syndrome (AH, DM, nephropathy)]. 2001 55

The association of mitochondrial DNA mutation with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is well established. In this study we aimed to assess the frequency of A3243G, A8296G, and other mitochondrial mutations with reference to clinical features in the diabetic population of Coimbatore, India. The study group included 150 patients (89 women and 61 men) with T2DM, whereas the control group included 100 nondiabetic people (59 women and 41 men). Genotyping was done by polymerase chain reaction followed by single-strand confirmation polymorphism method. A3243G and A8296G mutations were found to be prevalent in patients with T2DM when compared with the control group. The A3243G mutation was found in two patients, and both these patients showed similar clinical characteristics, thus representing a putative clinical subtype. A8296G mutation was detected in one patient. The same mutation was shared with his mother who was diagnosed to have diabetes mellitus (DM) with neuromuscular disorder. The siblings of the patient did not show any symptoms of DM. Lipid profile and urea and creatinine levels were found to be significantly high (10% and 0.064%) in patients with T2DM compared with control subjects. We concluded that the identification of these mitochondrial point mutations indicates a new genetic predisposition of DM in Coimbatore population.
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PMID:Prevalence of mitochondrial tRNA gene mutations and their association with specific clinical phenotypes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus of Coimbatore. 2014 11

Increased Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) production is a major feature of diabetic dyslipidemia with consequences on the metabolism of other lipoproteins such as Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) and High Density Lipoproteins (HDL). More precisely, we observe, in patients with type 2 diabetes, an increased production of VLDL(1) particles that is potentially detrimental by generating atherogenic remnants, small dense LDL particles and triglyceride-rich HDL particles. Several pathophysiological factors are responsible for increased VLDL production, in type 2 diabetes. Among those, insulin resistance plays an important role. Indeed, defective activation of PI3-kinase, secondary to insulin resistance, is associated with a reduction of apoB degradation in the hepatocytes, a rise in MTP expression (by increasing nuclear transcription factors Fox01 and Foxa2) and an increased activity of phospholipase D1 and ARF-1, which are involved in VLDL(1) formation. Moreover, peripheral insulin resistance is responsible for increased lipolysis of adipose tissue leading to augmented portal flux of FFA to the liver and, as a consequence, activation of VLDL production. In addition, increased de novo lipogenesis is observed in type 2 diabetes. This is secondary to increased activation of SREBP-1c (Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-1c), mainly by Endoplasmic Reticulum stress, and of ChREBP (Carbohydrate Responsive Element Binding Protein), mainly by hyperglycemia. Furthermore, decreased plasma adiponectin observed in type 2 diabetes, may also play a role in increased VLDL production by decreasing liver AMP-kinase activation and by increasing plasma FFA levels as a consequence of reduced muscle FFA oxidation.
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PMID:Abnormal hepatic apolipoprotein B metabolism in type 2 diabetes. 2018 75

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is reported to play a protective role against diabetic vascular complications through its anti-oxidative properties. However, since a commercially available kit is not suitable for measurement of serum PEDF in humans, kinetics and regulation of serum PEDF are not known in these devastating disorders. Therefore, we developed a simple, specific and reliable method for measurement of serum PEDF in humans using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system. Assay linearity was shown intact with 50~300-fold dilution of urea-pretreated serum by phosphate-buffered saline. The recovery ratio of added recombinant human PEDF in serum was 94.2 +/- 1.7 %. Inter- and intra-assay coefficient of variations of the ELISA were 4.7 and 7.3 %, respectively. When we measured serum PEDF levels in a general population, PEDF levels were elevated in proportion to the accumulation of the number of the components of the metabolic syndrome. Further, the percent changes in serum levels of PEDF during 1-year observational periods were positively correlated with those of body mass index (BMI) in patients with type 2 diabetes. In addition, PEDF mRNA levels in cultured adipocytes were increased in parallel to the BMI values of subjects from which adipocytes were derived, especially in omental adipocytes. These observations suggest that PEDF is generated from adipose tissues and could be increased as a counter-system against vascular cell damage in humans. PEDF may be one of the useful biomarkers for vascular injury in high-risk patients.
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PMID:Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system for PEDF and its clinical utility. 2023 50

Recently it has been reported that low serum IL-10 levels are associated with an increased susceptibility for metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We investigated whether the -1087G/A (rs1800896), -824C/T (rs1800871), -597C/A (rs1800872) IL-10 polymorphisms were associated with type 2 diabetes in a study on a cohort of Italian Caucasians comprising 490 type 2 diabetic and 349 control subjects. Stratifying the data according to IL-10 genotypes, trends for the progressive increase of glucose and neutrophil levels were observed in -1087GG vs. -1087GA vs. -1087AA positive diabetic patients (-1087GG<-1087GA<-1087AA). In addition, evaluating the laboratory parameters according to the -597/-824/-1087 derived haplotypes a significant increase of neutrophils was found in diabetic vs. non-diabetic -597A/ -824T/-1087A positive subjects (Student t test = 3.707, p<0.01). In an attempt to integrate clinical laboratory and immunogenetic data to determine whether these factors taken together define sufficient risk sets for type 2 diabetes we performed the grade-of-membership analysis (GoM). GoM allowed to identify a population of subjects negative for IL-10 -824T allele, 74.4% of which were diabetic patients characterised by vascular damages (Chronic kidney failure and/or Myocardial Infarction), reduction of haematocrit, increase of blood urea nitrogen, creatinin and monocyte levels. These data seem to suggest that -597A/-824T/-1087A negative subjects are more prone to the major type 2 diabetic vascular damages and allow to hypothesise that the contemporary evaluation of some simple hematochemical parameters and IL-10 SNPs may allow identifying diabetic patients with the worse prognostic profile, needing both better complication prevention planning and therapeutic strategies.
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PMID:Risk profiles in type 2 diabetes (metabolic syndrome): integration of IL-10 polymorphisms and laboratory parameters to identify vascular damages related complications. 2038 4

C peptide is an active peptide hormone with potentially important physiological effects. C peptide has the capacity to diminish glomerular hyperfiltration and reduce urinary albumin excretion in both experimental and human type 1 diabetes. The present study is aimed at correlating the serum C peptide level with that of renal clearance, urinary albumin excretion and duration of diabetes. This is a prospective cross sectional study. Patients with diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus were evaluated for their baseline clinical and laboratory profile. Both males and females above the age of 18 years were included in the study. The laboratory investigations include fasting serum C peptide, HbA(1C), serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urine albumin and creatinine. Creatinine clearance was calculated using modification of diet in renal disease formula from serum creatinine value. A total of 168 patients were included in the study, among them 90 were females (53.57%) and 78 males (46.43%). Mean age of the patients was 57.64 years. Pearson correlation test showed negative correlation of serum C peptide level with creatinine clearance, though statistically not significant. Negative correlation was also seen between serum C peptide, and urine albumin, urine albumin creatinine ratio, HbA(1C) and duration of diabetes. Mean urine albumin was higher in patients with subnormal C peptide level. Duration of disease was more in patients with lower serum C peptide level. The study has shown weak association of serum C peptide level with microalbuminuria and creatinine clearance. Risk of albuminuria is more in patients with low serum C peptide level.
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PMID:Serum C peptide level and renal function in diabetes mellitus. 2053 67

The hypoglycemic effect of cinnamon oil (CO) in a type 2 diabetic animal model (KK-A(y) mice) was studied. The main component of CO was cinnamaldehyde, and other nineteen components were also determined. CO was administrated at doses of 25, 50 and 100mg/kg for 35 days. It was found that fasting blood glucose concentration was significantly decreased (P<0.05) with the 100mg/kg group (P<0.01) the most efficient compared with the diabetic control group. In addition, there was significant decrease in plasma C-peptide, serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen levels while serum high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels were significantly increased after 35 days. Meanwhile, glucose tolerance was improved, and the immunoreactive of pancreatic islets beta-cells was promoted. These results suggest that CO had a regulative role in blood glucose level and lipids, and improved the function of pancreatic islets. Cinnamon oil may be useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Antidiabetic effects of cinnamon oil in diabetic KK-Ay mice. 2056 48

Extreme hyperkalaemia is a life-threatening electrolyte disorder. It is relatively common in patients with severe renal insufficiency. This report describes a case of extreme hyperkalaemia caused by drugs in an 82-year-old female patient without severe renal insufficiency, who was successfully treated without haemodialysis. The patient had been treated for arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus for 30 years. Over the last years she had been receiving enalapril and metformin. Three weeks before the admission to the hospital, she was receiving a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) because of the back pain. She was admitted to hospital due to a collapse and weakness in the limbs. Laboratory tests showed extreme hyperkalaemia, high blood sugar, metabolic acidosis, elevated serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and a slightly elevated serum sodium. On ECG, we noticed typical signs of hyperkalaemia.The patient was treated with a slow intravenous bolus of calcium gluconate and intravenous infusion of sodium chloride with insulin, glucose with insulin and sodium bicarbonte. After the treatment, all laboratory findings normalised together and the patient felt better. This case shows that physicians should be very careful when prescribing NSAIDs to elderly patients treated with drugs that affect renal function.
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PMID:Extreme hyperkalaemia caused by concomitant use of a NSAID and an ace inhibitor in an elderly patient. 2058 99


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