Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone with therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes. Rapid removal of the N-terminal dipeptide, His7-Ala8, by the ubiquitous enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) curtails the biological activity of GLP-1. Chemical modifications or substitutions of GLP-1 at His7 or Ala8 improve resistance to DPP-IV action, but this often reduces potency. Little attention has focused on the metabolic stability and functional activity of GLP-1 analogues with amino acid substitution at Glu9, adjacent to the DPP IV cleavage site. We generated three novel Glu9-substituted GLP-1 analogues, (Pro9)GLP-1, (Phe9)GLP-1 and (Tyr9)GLP-1 and show for the first time that Glu9 of GLP-1 is important in DPP IV degradation, since replacing this amino acid, particularly with proline, substantially reduced susceptibility to degradation. All three novel GLP-1 analogues showed similar or slightly enhanced insulinotropic activity compared with native GLP-1 despite a moderate 4-10-fold reduction in receptor binding and cAMP generation. In addition, (Pro9)GLP-1 showed significant ability to moderate the plasma glucose excursion and increase circulating insulin concentrations in severely insulin resistant obese diabetic (ob/ob) mice. These observations indicate the importance of Glu9 for the biological activity of GLP-1 and susceptibility to DPP IV-mediated degradation.
 ...
PMID:Metabolic stability, receptor binding, cAMP generation, insulin secretion and antihyperglycaemic activity of novel N-terminal Glu9-substituted analogues of glucagon-like peptide-1. 1471 96

Dietary guidelines for the general population and for the management of obesity, diabetes and heart disease suggest a reduction in dietary fat, and in particular dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA). In order to achieve the recommended levels, changes in food choice patterns are required. Foods are consumed in combination with other foods, and these combinations are often recognizable as cuisine patterns. In this study we examined the food choice patterns of a group of 63 adults with existing type 2 diabetes mellitus who completed a 12 month dietary intervention trial aimed at changing dietary fat under 'free living' conditions. In both lower fat (LF, 27%) and modified fat (MF, 37%E) groups, a reduction in dietary SFA and an increase in polyunsaturated fat were required, with an additional requirement to increase dietary monounsaturated fat in the MF group. The usual diets of the study sample were on average low in total fat (27%E), but high in saturated fat (12%E). Those already consuming total fat at the level concordant with their allocation (LF or MF) achieved targets faster than those with a discordant allocation, but there was no significant effect of usual diet on time of target achievement at 12 months. At 6 months, those achieving dietary fat targets had changed to low fat dairy products and leaner meats, were having more spreads, oils, and nuts and were consuming takeaway meals less than twice a week. Contributions to dietary fat shifted from takeaway foods, meat, dairy products and cakes to spreads, oils and nuts. The modified fat and low fat groups chose more Mediterranean and South East Asian cuisines respectively. In this study sample, usual dietary patterns had an initial impact on change in the diet, but identifiable changes in food choice patterns and the adoption of certain cuisines that combined foods indicative of the dietary guidelines resulted in successful achievement of dietary fat targets.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2004
PMID:The impact of usual dietary patterns, selection of significant foods and cuisine choices on changing dietary fat under 'free living' conditions. 1500 20

A series of methanoprolinenitrile-containing dipeptide mimetics were synthesized and assayed as inhibitors of the N-terminal sequence-specific serine protease dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV). The catalytic action of DPP-IV is the principle means of degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1, a key mediator of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and DPP-IV inhibition shows clinical benefit as a novel mechanism for treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, many of the reversible inhibitors to date suffer from chemical instability stemming from an amine to nitrile intramolecular cyclization. Installation of a cyclopropyl moiety at either the 3,4- or 4,5-position of traditional 2-cyanopyrrolidide proline mimetics led to compounds with potent inhibitory activity against the enzyme. Additionally, cis-4,5-methanoprolinenitriles with beta-branching in the N-terminal amino acid provided enhanced chemical stability and high inhibitory potency. This class of inhibitors also exhibited the ability to suppress prandial glucose elevations after an oral glucose challenge in male Zucker rats.
 ...
PMID:Synthesis of novel potent dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors with enhanced chemical stability: interplay between the N-terminal amino acid alkyl side chain and the cyclopropyl group of alpha-aminoacyl-l-cis-4,5-methanoprolinenitrile-based inhibitors. 1511

The stimulation of insulin vs. inhibition of glucagon secretion in relation to the antidiabetic action of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is not established. Here, the influence of a 4-wk increase in circulating GLP-1 by inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) on 24-h glucose and insulin and glucagon responses to breakfast was studied in subjects with dietary controlled diabetes [age: 65 +/- 8 yr (SD), body mass index: 27.3 +/- 3.3 kg/m(2), fasting plasma glucose: 9.0 +/- 1.3 mmol/liter]. Compared with placebo (n = 19), a specific DPP-4 inhibitor [(1-[[(3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl) amino] acetyl]-2-cyano-(S)-pyrrolidine) (LAF237); 100 mg daily, n = 18] reduced fasting glucose by 0.70 mmol/liter (P = 0.037), 4-h prandial glucose excursion by 1.45 mmol/liter (P < 0.001), and mean 24-h glucose by 0.93 mmol/liter (P < 0.001). Baseline and postprandial active GLP-1 were increased by LAF237. The glucagon response to breakfast was reduced by LAF237 (glucagon levels at 60 min were 88 +/- 8 pg/ml before treatment vs. 77 +/- 5 pg/ml after; P = 0.001). In contrast, the overall insulin levels were not altered. The 4-wk reduction in glucagon correlated with the reduction in 2-h glucose (r = 0.61; P = 0.008). No such association was observed for insulin. Thus, improved metabolic control by DPP-4 inhibition in type 2 diabetes is seen in association with reduced glucagon levels and, despite the lower glycemia, unaltered insulin levels.
 ...
PMID:Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 reduces glycemia, sustains insulin levels, and reduces glucagon levels in type 2 diabetes. 1512 24

The effects of orally administered dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor on the glucose-lowering effect of glibenclamide are still unknown. We evaluated the effects of combination treatment with a long-lasting DPP-IV inhibitor, K579 ((S)-1-[4-methyl-1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-4-piperidylamino]acetyl-2-pyrrolidinecarbonitrile), and glibenclamide on the glycemic responses to glucose loading in rats. Treatment with K579 inhibited the plasma DPP-IV activity even 8 h after the administration. K579 significantly suppressed the blood glucose elevation in glibenclamide-pretreated rats without excessive hypoglycemia. These profiles of K579 indicate that it could be useful agent to correct the postprandial glucose excursion in type 2 diabetes patients by combination treatment with glibenclamide.
 ...
PMID:Effects of combination treatment with dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor and sulfonylurea on glucose levels in rats. 1521 55

The majority of the presentations a the conference were on three highly sought-after targets for type 2 diabetes mellitus, namely PTP1B, PPARs and DPP-IV, reflecting the current focus and trend in the industry. A couple of novel targets were discussed, including the potential of myostatin as a type 2 diabetes mellitus target and a novel GPCR target. While small molecules were dominant, several biological-based approaches were covered: antibody therapeutics and oligonucleotide-based approaches (ASO and siRNA). In searching for small-molecule leads, structure-based rational design and focused combination chemistry appear to produce better results than a random high-throughput approach over the entire chemical library. The biggest challenges for diabetes and obesity drugs remain similar to those mentioned in previous meetings: increasing specificity to reduce side effects and maintaining long-term effect while maintaining or increasing efficacy. Due to the tremendous interest of the pharmaceutical industry in metabolic disease drug development, our knowledge of food intake and metabolism regulation has increased exponentially. Overall, the prospect of better drugs for, and better control of, type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity is promising.
 ...
PMID:Metabolic Diseases Drug Discovery-Strategic Research Institute's Third International World Summit. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors 26-27 July 2004, San Diego, CA, USA. 1547 Jun

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors have attracted attention as potential drugs for use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes because they prevent degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and extend its duration of action. A series of 2-cyanopyrrolidines are among the most potent of DPP-IV inhibitors. We focused our attention on substitutions at the 3- or 4-position of 2-cyanopyrrolidines and synthesized and evaluated various derivatives. Among them, the 4-fluoro derivative was found to exhibit better DPP-IV inhibitory activity and higher plasma drug concentrations after oral administration to rats than the 4-unsubstituted derivative. We report here on the synthesis and biological data of the aforementioned derivatives.
 ...
PMID:Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of potent 3- or 4-substituted-2-cyanopyrrolidine dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. 1551 51

Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is currently being explored as a new approach to the treatment of type 2 diabetes. This concept has emerged from the powerful and rapid action of the enzyme to inactivate glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). However, other bioactive peptides with potential influence of islet function are also substrates of DPP-4. Whether this inactivation may add to the beneficial effects of DPP-4 inhibition is not known. In this study, we explored whether DPP-4 inhibition by valine-pyrrolidide (val-pyr; 100 micromol/kg administered through gastric gavage at t = -30 min) affects the insulin and glucose responses to iv glucose (1 g/kg) together with GLP-1 (10 nmol/kg), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP; 10 nmol/kg), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 38 (PACAP38; 1.3 nmol/kg), or gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP; 20 nmol/kg) given at t = 0 in anesthetized C57BL/6J mice. It was found that the acute (1-5 min) insulin response to GLP-1 was augmented by val-pyr by 80% (4.2 +/- 0.4 vs. 7.6 +/- 0.8 nmol/liter), that to GIP by 40% (2.7 +/- 0.3 vs. 3.8 +/- 0.4 nmol/liter), that to PACAP38 by 75% (4.6 +/- 0.5 vs. 8.1 +/- 0.6 nmol/liter), and that to GRP by 25% (1.8 +/- 0.2 vs. 2.3 +/- 0.3 nmol/liter; all P < 0.05 or less). This was associated with enhanced glucose elimination rate after GLP-1 [glucose elimination constant (K(G)) 2.1 +/- 0.2 vs. 3.1 +/- 0.3%/min] and PACAP38 (2.1 +/- 0.3 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.3%/min; both P < 0.01), but not after GIP or GRP. The augmented insulin response to GRP by val-pyr was prevented by the GLP-1 receptor antagonist, exendin(3) (9-39), raising the possibility that GRP effects may occur secondary to stimulation of GLP-1 secretion. We conclude that DPP-4 inhibition augments the insulin response not only to GLP-1 but also to GIP, PACAP38, and GRP.
 ...
PMID:Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 augments insulin secretion in response to exogenously administered glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, and gastrin-releasing peptide in mice. 1560 13

A novel series of beta-amino amides incorporating fused heterocycles, i.e., triazolopiperazines, were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. (2R)-4-Oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl]-1-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butan-2-amine (1) is a potent, orally active DPP-IV inhibitor (IC(50) = 18 nM) with excellent selectivity over other proline-selective peptidases, oral bioavailability in preclinical species, and in vivo efficacy in animal models. MK-0431, the phosphate salt of compound 1, was selected for development as a potential new treatment for type 2 diabetes.
 ...
PMID:(2R)-4-oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl]-1-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butan-2-amine: a potent, orally active dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. 1563 8

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone with antidiabetic action through its ability to stimulate insulin secretion, increase beta cell neogenesis, inhibit beta cell apoptosis, inhibit glucagon secretion, delay gastric emptying and induce satiety. It has therefore been explored as a novel treatment of type 2 diabetes. A problem is, however, that GLP-1 is rapidly inactivated by the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) enzyme, which results in a short circulating half-life of the active form of GLP-1 (< 2 min). Two strategies have been employed to overcome this obstacle as a treatment of diabetes. One is to use GLP-1 receptor agonists that have a prolonged half-life due to reduced degradation by DPP-4. These GLP-1 mimetics include exenatide and liraglutide. Another strategy is to inhibit the enzyme DPP-4, which prolongs the half-life of endogenously released active GLP-1. Both these strategies have been successful in animal studies and in clinical studies of up to one year's treatment. This review will summarize the background and the current (mid 2004) clinical experience with these two strategies.
 ...
PMID:GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. 1565 21


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>