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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Physical training has been generally recommended for patients with diabetes mellitus as a basic therapeutic tool. In the present study the metabolic and endocrinological effects during the training program were examined in patients with non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Moreover the significance of continuous blood lactate monitoring and that of the determination of plasma atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP) during exercise loading in diabetics was also studied. (1) The glucose metabolic clearance rate (MCR) during euglycemic insulin clamp was higher in athletes than in patients with NIDDM and control subjects. (2) MCR increased significantly in the training group after the eight weeks program and a significant relationship between the changes of MCR and those of HbAIc observed. Moreover a decrease in the triglyceride level and increase in the HDL cholesterol level in plasma were significantly related with the improvement of MCR. (3) A continuous blood lactate monitoring system was newly developed. This system was simple and showed good reproducibility. The anaerobic threshold (AT) determined using this system corresponded to that obtained by respiratory gas analysis. It was useful for the determination of the exercise intensity without overloading in patients with diabetes mellitus. (4) The increase of plasma ANP during exercise loading was higher in diabetics than healthy controls, and a significant relationship was found between the increment of ANP during exercise and the diastolic function judged from the echocardiogram in diabetics. In conclusion clinical laboratory examinations and medical checkups are important in the practice of physical exercise therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:[Physical exercise therapy in diabetes mellitus--the role of clinical laboratory examinations]. 130 19

The effect of dry Sundakai powder supplementation (7 g providing 1.23 g of crude fibre) on glycemic control, lipidemic control, total amino acids and uronic acid was studied on 30 non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients. All the patients were on hypoglycemic drugs. The above parameters were monitored at day 1, 15 and 30 days. After one month of fibre supplementation, no significant changes were observed with respect to glucose, lipid profile, glycated proteins, total amino acids and uronic acid levels in these subjects.
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PMID:Studies on the effect of dry Sundakai (Solanum torvum) powder supplementation on lipid profile, glycated proteins and amino acids in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. 131 34

In both humans and rodents the occurrence and severity of obesity-associated non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) may be influenced by both gonadal hormones and genetic background. Early gonadectomy (at 3-5 days of age) of female and male Wistar diabetic fatty (WDF) rats and of male Zucker rats allowed us to examine these effects in genetically obese rats carrying the fatty (fa) gene. Impairment of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by obesity, and amelioration or exacerbation (in the case of female rats) of this impairment by gonadectomy were assessed by intragastric glucose tolerance tests when the rats reached adulthood. Both glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were significantly deranged in obese WDF rats of both sexes and in obese male Zucker rats compared to lean controls of the same sex and strain. Obese male WDF rats were less glucose tolerant and insulin sensitive than were obese male Zucker rats. Glucose intolerance was not ameliorated by castration in lean or obese male WDF or Zucker rats. Insulin sensitivity was significantly improved by castration in obese male rats of both strains, as fasting plasma insulin levels and total areas under the insulin curves were significantly reduced compared to obese sham-operated controls. This effect was greater in the Zucker than in the WDF male rats. Castration significantly decreased the insulin response areas in obese male Zucker rats, but did not alter those of the obese male WDF rats. Ovariectomy did not alter glucose homeostasis of obese female WDF rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The effects of gonadectomy on glucose tolerance of genetically obese (fa/fa) rats: influence of sex and genetic background. 131 24

Points of agreement: (1) In IDDM, hypertension occurs in patients who have already developed nephropathy, probably in the microalbuminuric phase. (2) Hypertension is an important accelerator of the development of diabetic nephropathy. (3) Hypertension, obesity and NIDDM are often associated, and insulin resistance is commonly observed in all three states. (4) Antihypertensive therapy retards the development of diabetic nephropathy in IDDM and reduces proteinuria in NIDDM. (5) The choice of antihypertensive agent in the diabetic patient must be based upon the efficacy of the drug as well as avoidance of side effects including deleterious influence on glucose, insulin and lipid levels and renoprotection. (6) Carefully conducted long-term comparative trials between different classes of antihypertensive drugs in microalbuminuric IDDM and NIDDM patients are essential. Points of major controversy: (1) Detection of IDDM patients prone to the development of diabetic nephropathy can be performed by measuring specific parameters such as erythrocyte Na(+)-Li+ countertransport activity. (2) Insulin resistance is a pathogenic mechanism rather than purely an association with hypertension and obesity. (3) A certain class of antihypertensive agents--ACE inhibitors--confers a specific renoprotective effect in diabetic nephropathy, in addition to its effects upon systemic blood pressure. (4) Reduction of blood pressure should be considered in the normotensive microalbuminuric diabetic patient. (5) Microalbuminuria is a sufficient 'surrogate endpoint' for the progression of renal failure.
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PMID:Meeting report of the International Society of Hypertension Conference on Hypertension and Diabetes. 131 6

Fluoxetine, an inhibitor of serotonin re-uptake, has been shown to cause weight loss in humans and animals. In order to determine the effects in diabetic subjects, 48 male and female, obese, type 2 non-insulin dependent diabetics being treated with insulin were randomized to receive fluoxetine 60 mg or placebo once daily in double blind fashion for 24 weeks. In all subjects, this treatment was preceded by four weeks and followed by six weeks of single blind placebo washout treatment. Subjects performed daily home glucose monitoring and were given instruction in a 1200 kcal American Diabetes Association diet. Fluoxetine treated subjects who completed the trial (n = 16) lost more weight than placebo treated subjects (n = 20) (9.3 +/- 2.4 vs. 1.9 +/- 2.9 kg +/- s.e.m, P less than 0.05). Subjects in the fluoxetine group also showed a greater percentage decrease in insulin dose than those in the placebo group (46.9 +/- 7.6% vs. 19.3 +/- 7.6%, P less than 0.01). During active treatment, the change in serum glucose levels did not differ between the two groups, while glycohemoglobin fell more in fluoxetine treated subjects than in placebo treated subjects at two of four follow-up visits. These results suggest that fluoxetine may be of benefit in the treatment of obese patients with type 2 non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Fluoxetine treatment of the obese diabetic. 131 28

To investigate the role of glucagon in the pathogenesis of diabetes, we observed change of plasma glucagon concentrations during glucose loading in normal subjects and patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) using specific radioimmunoassay. The results showed that the fasting plasma glucagon levels in patients with IGT and NIDDM were similar to those of the normal subjects. The nadir of plasma glucagon level in the normal control occurred at 1-h after glucose loading and the changes of glucagon, glucose and insulin levels synchronized; but peaks of plasma glucose and insulin levels in the IGT and NIDDM patients were delayed at 2-h after glucose loading with the lowest glucagon level at 3-h. It was suggested that there were relative hyperglucagonemia and decrease of sensitivity of islet A cell to glucose in IGT and NIDDM patients. The present study also showed that hyperglucagonemia is related to the reduction of insulin secretion and might play an important role in the development of postprandial hyperglycemia in NIDDM.
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PMID:[Changes in plasma glucagon concentration in patients with diabetes mellitus and its clinical significance]. 132 51

To examine the release of insulin in response to oral glucose, intravenous glucagon and intravenous arginine, we measured the levels of plasma glucose, immuno-reactive insulin (IRI) and C-peptide levels on fasting and following an oral glucose loading (OGTT), intravenous glucagon (GON) and arginine (ARG) infusion test in nine newly diagnosed non-insulin dependent diabetics. Their ages ranged from 38 to 65. The fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels were 240 +/- 14 mg/dl (Mean +/- SEM) and 10.7 +/- 0.54%, respectively. Mean values of the peak C-peptide/fasting C-peptide ratio and peak IRI/fasting IRI ratio were significantly increased, as compared with the basal level (P < 0.05), but not significantly different from those of the OGTT, GON and ARG test. In conclusion, the effect of arginine-induced insulin secretion in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is as good as those of glucose or glucagon.
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PMID:Arginine induced insulin release in patients with newly onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 133 Feb 42

Previous studies have shown that patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) have a higher metabolic rate (RMR) and lower thermogenesis in comparison with persons with normal glucose tolerance. It is not clear whether this impairment is due to the diabetic state per se or to the association of the diabetic and obese state. The impact of obesity on RMR and glucose-induced thermogenesis (GIT) was studied in seven non-obese and 12 obese men with NIDDM; the results are compared with a group of six obese men with normal glucose tolerance. RMR was significantly higher for the obese subjects (P < 0.02) but this difference disappeared after correction for fat-free mass. Mean GIT was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the diabetic patients, whether they were obese or non-obese. The results of this study indicate that for patients with NIDDM, the impact of obesity on both RMR and GIT is rather limited. On the other hand, a significant influence of glucose tolerance on GIT in obese patients could be demonstrated.
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PMID:Impact of obesity on resting metabolic rate and glucose-induced thermogenesis in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. 133 Sep 61

The aim of the present study is to explore whether the renal and cardiovascular response to clonidine in type II diabetic patients is different from that in control subjects, and to clarify the role of central alpha 2-receptor in the regulation of cardiovascular response and sodium handling in type II diabetes mellitus (DM). Thirty-five diabetic inpatients aged 30-71 years (54.1 +/- 9.7) and ten control subjects (N) were enrolled in this study after their fasting plasma glucose had been improved. To evaluate the peripheral sympathetic nerve activity, 24-hour urinary catecholamine was measured, and pulse rate (PR) responses to a 30-second standing test was determined. On another day, blood pressure (BP), PR, plasma norepinephrine (PNE), cyclic AMP (p-cAMP), renin activity (PRA), aldosterone (PAC) and growth hormone (p-GH) were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes following the oral administration of clonidine (150 micrograms). Type II DM were classified as DM with hyper-response (DM-HR, n = 12) when their PR decreased after clonidine more than that of N, and if not, they were classified as DM with normal response (DM-NR, n = 23). Urinary catecholamine excretions in type II DM were within the normal range. BP, PNE and p-cAMP were markedly decreased with clonidine in similar fashion in DM-NR, DM-HR and N. The percent changes of PNE were correlated positively with the changes of p-cAMP in both N and DM-NR (r = 0.660 and 0.449, respectively), but not in DM-HR. No significant difference in the changes of p-GH (delta p-GH) and integral of GH (the area under the curve) following clonidine administration was observed in the three groups. The decrease in PR was correlated with neither delta p-GH (N: r = 0.082, DM-NR: r = -0.400, DM-HR: r = 0.242) or integral of GH (N: r = 0.191, DM-NR: r = 0.382, DM-HR: r = 0.162). The fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) decreased in N (p < 0.01), increased in DM-NR (p < 0.05) and did not change in DM-HR. The changes of FENa were not correlated with those of PRA and PAC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Altered responses of heart rate, renal sodium handling and plasma growth hormone to clonidine in type II diabetic patients]. 133 89

The effects of guar incorporated into a complex spaghetti meal on the glycaemic response in 11 healthy and 6 non-insulin dependent diabetic (NIDDM) subjects was studied. To this end, subjects consumed spaghetti made of either Triticum aestivum or Triticum durum wheat with or without 20 g% guar, as part of a complex meal containing 27% fat, 19% protein and 51% carbohydrate. In both the healthy as well as the NIDDM subjects the incremental integrated postprandial glucose and C-peptide responses after ingestion of a guar spaghetti meal were not different from the values found after a spaghetti meal without guar. In NIDDM subjects the incremental glucose and C-peptide levels were lower at 60 and 90 min and 90 and 150 min respectively after ingestion of guar aestivum spaghetti. Our negative results of effects of guar on postprandial glucose values may be explained by the presence of normal quantities of fat and protein in the meal and imply that addition of dietary fibre to a complex meal is not useful in the dietary management of NIDDM.
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PMID:Absence of guar efficacy in complex spaghetti meals on postprandial glucose and C-peptide levels in healthy control and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus subjects. 133 59


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