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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this paper, the antidiabetic effects of cysteinyl metformin (CM), a newly synthesized agent, were investigated to evaluate the hypoglycemic/hypolipidemic effects by measuring blood glucose, triglyceride and insulin levels in CM- and metformin-treated diabetic rats. Two diabetic models were used: (1) an alloxan-induced model in which diabetes was produced by alloxan (200 mg/kg, i.p.), then rats were treated with CM (300, 100 and 33 mg/kg) for 14 days; (2) a streptozocin-induced model in which diabetes was produced by streptozocin (30 mg/kg, i.p.) and a sustained high lipid diet, then rats were treated with CM for 8 weeks. The hypoglycemic effect of CM exceeded that of metformin while the hypolipidemic effect was similar. In addition, CM increased the blood insulin level of the alloxan-induced experimental animals (which had an insulin deficiency), but reduced the insulin level of the streptozocin-induced animals (which had an insulin excess), suggesting that CM improves pancreatic beta-cell function. The effects of CM, metformin and cysteine on the antioxidant defense system in alloxan-induced rats were also studied. The serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level was determined to provide evidence for lipid peroxidation, All the groups of animals given CM, metformin and cysteine exhibited less severe oxidative stress than the diabetic group. Then, several key antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and the pancreatic exocrine enzyme amylase (AMS) were measured. CM restored the activity of all these agents to nearly normal values while metformin and cysteine merely restored the activity of SOD. At the end of our study, the animals were sacrificed by decapitation and the liver, kidney and pancreas were weighed to allow investigation of organ edema. The results obtained showed that CM corrected the organ edema of the diabetic rats. All these findings suggested that CM has a protective effect on the antioxidant defense system and beta-cell dysfunction in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. All these results suggest that CM is a potential candidate for the future treatment of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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PMID:The antidiabetic effects of cysteinyl metformin, a newly synthesized agent, in alloxan- and streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. 1837 84

Physical exercises have been recommended in the prevention of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), but the mechanisms involved in this intervention are not yet fully understood. Experimental models offer the opportunity for the study of this matter. The present study was designed to analyze the diabetes evolution in rats submitted to neonatal treatment with alloxan with the objective of verifying the suitability of the model to future studies with exercises. For this, newly born rats (6 days old) received intraperitoneal alloxan (A=200 mg/kg of body weight). Rats injected with vehicle (citrate buffer) were used as controls (C). The fasting blood glucose level (mg/dL) was higher in the alloxan group at the day 28 (C=47.25 +/- 5.08; A=54.51 +/- 7.03) but not at the 60 day of age (C=69.18 +/- 8.31; A=66.81 +/- 6.08). The alloxan group presented higher blood glucose level during glucose tolerance test (GTT) (mg/dL. 120 min) in relation to the control group both at day 28 (C=16908.9 +/- 1078.8; A=21737.7 +/- 1106.4) and at day 60 (C=11463.45 +/- 655.30; A=15282.21 +/- 1221.84). Insulinaemia during GTT (ng/mL. 120 min) was lower at day 28 (C=158.67 +/- 33.34; A=123.90 +/- 19.80), but presented no difference at day 60 (C=118.83 +/- 26.02; A=97.88 +/- 10.88). At day 60, the glycogen concentration in the soleus muscle (mg/100 mg) was lower in the alloxan group (0.3 +/- 0.13) in relation to the control group (0.5 +/- 0.07). No difference was observed between groups in relation to (micromol/g.h): Glucose Uptake (C=5.8 +/- 0.63; A=5.2 +/- 0.73); Glucose Oxidation (C=4.3 +/- 1.13; A=3.9 +/- 0.44); Glycogen Synthesis (C=0.8 +/- 0.18; A=0.7 +/- 0.18) and Lactate Production (C=3.8 +/- 0.8; A=3.8 +/- 0.7) by the isolated soleus muscle. The glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (16.7mM) by the isolated islets (ng/5 islets. h) of the alloxan group was lower (14.3 +/- 4.7) than the control group (32.0 +/- 7.9). Thus, we may conclude that this neonatal diabetes induction model gathers interesting characteristics and may be useful for further studies on the role of the exercise in the diabetes mellitus appearance.
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PMID:Diabetes evolution in rats after neonatal treatment with alloxan. 1842 77

The blood glucose lowering effect of the ethanolic extract of the seed of Telfaria occidentalis in normoglycemic, alloxan-diabetic and glucose loaded rats was determined. Ethanolic extract of the seed of Telfairia occidentialis was administered at two dose levels (100 and 250 mg kg(-1)) to both normoglycemic and alloxan diabetic Wilstar albino rats. Blood was collected from the tail vein of the rats at 1, 2 and 4 h. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was carried out by administering 100 and 250 mg kg(-1) of the extract to glucose loaded rats (1 g kg(-1)) and blood was collected from the tail vein of rats at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. Blood glucose level was determined using a glucometer. Standard methods were used for phytochemical screening of the extract. The results showed that 100 mg kg(-1) ethanolic extract of seed of T. occidentalis reduced blood glucose concentration significantly only in the alloxan diabetic and not in the normoglycemic rats. 250 mg kg(-1) extract did not show this effect. The extract did not affect the oral glucose tolerance of rats when administered simultaneously or 1 h before glucose loading. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, steroids, tannins and terpenes. It could be concluded that the ethanolic extract of the seed of Telfairia occidentalis possesses hypoglycemic effect in alloxan diabetic rats and could be useful in the ethnotherapy of type 2 diabetes.
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PMID:Hypoglycemic effect of the seed extract of Telfairia occidentalis in rat. 1906 24

The hypoglycaemic activity of the aqueous extract of Stachytarpheta angustifolia (Verbanaceae) was studied in normoglycaemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The extract was administered orally to the rats and blood glucose level was monitored for 7 h. Results indicate that the aqueous extract (750 mg kg(-1)) produced a significant blood glucose reduction in both normoglycaemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats (p < 0.05). The present result therefore appears to support the use of the plant aqueous extract for the management of type 2 diabetes by traditional medical practitioners in Northern Nigeria. The mechanism of action of the aqueous extract needs to be studied.
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PMID:The hypoglycaemic activity of the aqueous extract of Stachytarpheta angustifolia (Verbanaceae) in normoglycaemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. 1907

An attempt has been made to compare the hypoglycemic effect of the organic constituents and the inorganic constituents in traditional Chinese medicine, Jinqi compound recipe. Alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice were used in the study. The body weights, blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin secretion, and glycogen synthesis of the mice were analyzed respectively. After the mice were administered (oral) with organic constituents, the blood glucose and the HbA1c of alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice decreased (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) and the glycogen synthesis of alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice elevated (p < 0.05). Also, the body weight of the alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice was increased gradually. However, the same result did not occur in the inorganic constituent-treated groups. It is noted that neither organic constituents nor inorganic constituents could elevate the level of serum insulin in the alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice significantly. It is implied that the hypoglycemic effect for type 2 diabetes was caused by the organic constituents of Jinqi recipe. The results can be used to set new standards to control the quality of the Jinqi recipe.
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PMID:Comparison of anti-hyperglycemic effect of inorganic constituents and organic in traditional Chinese medicine, Jinqi compound recipe. 1924 86

Due to the high prevalence of diabetes worldwide, extensive research is still being performed to develop new antidiabetic agents and determine their mechanisms of action. Consequently, a number of diabetic animal models have been developed and improved over the years, of which rodent models are the most thoroughly described. These rodent models can be classified into two broad categories: 1) genetically induced spontaneous diabetes models; and 2) experimentally induced nonspontaneous diabetes models. The popularity of using experimentally induced nonspontaneous models for diabetes research over that of the genetically induced spontaneous models is due to their comparatively lower cost, ease of diabetes induction, ease of maintenance and wider availability. The various experimentally induced type 2 diabetes (T2D) rodent models developed over the last 30-plus years for both routine pharmacological screening and mechanistic diabetes-linked research trials include: adult streptozotocin (STZ)/alloxan rat models, neonatal STZ/alloxan models, partial pancreatectomy models, long-term high-fat (HF) diet-fed models, HF diet-fed STZ models, nicotinamide/STZ models, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) models, the STZ-induced progressive diabetic model and monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced model. The use of these models, however, is not without limitations. A T2D model should ideally portray an identical biochemical blood profile and pathogenesis to T2D in humans. Hence, this review will comparatively evaluate experimentally induced rodent T2D models considering the above-mentioned criteria, in order to guide diabetes research groups to more accurately select the most appropriate models given their specific research requirements.
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PMID:Experimental rodent models of type 2 diabetes: a review. 1955 3

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an important hormone peptide secreted from the gastrointestinal tract in response to nutrient ingestion. Its multifaceted actions make GLP-1 attractive as a candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, its main limitation is an extremely short half-life, which is due to rapid inactivation by a ubiquitous enzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). Therefore, here we describe the development of a novel GLP-1 analog, designated KGLP-1. Initial in vitro experiments revealed that KGLP-1 bound to and activated GLP-1R with similar efficacy as native GLP-1. Importantly, KGLP-1 showed marked resistance to inactivation by DPP-IV. Further in vivo studies confirmed that KGLP-1 had antihyperglycemic and insulinotropic actions after intraperitoneal injection to KM mice and alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Finally, we prepared KGLP-1-loaded poly (d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres (PLGA MS) using the solid in oil in oil (s/o/o) solvent extraction method, which achieved controlled release and biological efficacy over a period of 10 days after a single subcutaneous injection in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
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PMID:A novel DPP-IV-resistant analog of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1): KGLP-1 alone or in combination with long-acting PLGA microspheres. 1964 75

Cardiovascular complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes, obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in tea as a protective agent against CVD. Here, we compared the modulatory effects of two different doses (50 and 100 mg/kg body weight given orally for 28 consecutive days) of black tea aqueous extract (BTE, rich in theaflavins and thearubigins) and green tea aqueous extract (GTE, rich in catechins) on experimentally induced hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and liver dysfunction by alloxan (which destroys pancreatic beta-cells and induces type 1 diabetes) and a cholesterol-rich diet (which induces obesity and type 2 diabetes) in male Wistar albino rats. Both tea extracts significantly alleviated most signs of the metabolic syndrome including hyperglycaemia (resulting from type 1 and 2 diabetes), dyslipidaemia and impairment of liver functions induced by alloxan or the cholesterol-rich diet in the animals. Also, the tea extracts significantly modulated both the severe decrease and increase in body weight induced by alloxan and the high-cholesterol diet, respectively. The modulatory effects obtained here were partial or complete, but significant and dose dependent, and slightly more in GTE in most cases. No harmful effects were detected for tea consumption on all parameters measured, except that the high dose of both tea extracts significantly decreased the spleen weight:body weight ratio and induced lymphopenia. The present study supports the hypothesis that both black and green teas may have beneficial effects against the risks of the metabolic syndrome and CVD as shown in rat models of human obesity and diabetes.
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PMID:Modulatory effects of black v. green tea aqueous extract on hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and liver dysfunction in diabetic and obese rat models. 1982 5

Hedysarum polybotrys polysaccharide (HPS) is the principal active fraction responsible for the antidiabetic properties of this species. The aim of this study was to determine the antidiabetic properties of 4 purified fractions of different molecular weight range HPSs (HPS1, HPS2, HPS3, HPS4). HPS3 was selected for examination of its hypoglycemic mechanism because of its significant hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The changes in blood glucose levels and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) showed that hypoglycemia was more pronounced in HPS3-treated groups than in the diabetes mellitus model (DM) control group. The interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, leptin, and free fatty acid levels were significantly lower in the HPS3-treated groups and HPS3 + metformin (HPS3+MET) group than in the DM control group, while plasma insulin, hepatic glycogen, superoxide dismutase, and nitric oxide synthetase activity were significantly higher. Treatment with HPS3 or HPS3+MET also significantly lowered malonaldehyde levels compared with the DM control group, while it elevated the nitric oxide and total antioxidant capacity. HPS3 altered the plasma lipid levels by lowering cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, while elevating the plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Therefore, these results suggest that HPS3 may partly ameliorate hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia associated with type 2 diabetes through increased insulin secretion, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, promotion of sensitivity to insulin, suppression of gluconeogenesis and reduction in the biosynthesis fatty acid, cholesterol and cell cytokines related to insulin resistance, and it could be a useful adjunct therapy to a proven first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes using metformin.
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PMID:Antidiabetic properties of purified polysaccharide from Hedysarum polybotrys. 2013 Jul 40

The methanol extract of Gladiolus psittascinus bulb was evaluated for its antidiabetic activities in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Blood glucose levels of the glucose loaded and alloxan-induced diabetic rats were estimated over 180 minutes using the O-toluidine and glucose-oxidase methods. The methanol extract at 1 g/kg dose exhibited 16.2% decrease in blood glucose level in the glucose loaded rats and a peak effect of 78.9% in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The extract exhibited significant blood glucose lowering effects in the oral glucose tolerance test and type 2 diabetic rats. This study shows a possible beneficial effect of Gladiolus psittascinus in the management of non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM).
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PMID:Antidiabetic activity of Gladiolus psittascinus in alloxan induced diabetic rats. 2016 31


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