Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Genetic variation in response to high-fat diets is important in understanding the recent secular trends that have led to increases in obesity and type 2 diabetes. The examination of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for both obesity- and diabetes-related traits and their responses to a high-fat diet can be effectively addressed in mouse model systems, including LGXSM recombinant inbred (RI) mouse strains. A wide range of obesity- and diabetes-related traits were measured in animals from 16 RI strains with 8 animals of each sex fed a high- or low-fat diet from each strain. Marker associations were measured at 506 microsatellite markers spread throughout the mouse genome using a nested ANOVA. Locations with significant effects on the traits themselves and/or trait dietary responses were identified after correction for multiple comparisons by limiting the false detection rate. Nonsyntenic associations of marker genotypes were common at QTL locations so that the significant results were limited to loci still significant in multiple QTL models. We discovered 91 QTLs at 39 locations. Many of these locations (n = 31) also showed genetic effects on dietary response, typically because the loci produced significantly larger effects on the high-fat diet. Fat depot weights, leptin levels, and body weight at necropsy tended to map to the same locations and were responsible for a majority of the dietary response QTLs. Basal glucose levels and the response to glucose challenge mapped together in locations distinct from those affecting obesity. These QTL locations form a panel for further research and fine mapping of loci affecting obesity- and diabetes-related traits and their responses to high-fat feeding.
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PMID:Quantitative trait loci for obesity- and diabetes-related traits and their dietary responses to high-fat feeding in LGXSM recombinant inbred mouse strains. 1556 68

Cecropia obtusifolia and Marrubium vulgare have been widely used in Mexican traditional medicine for the control of type 2 diabetes. In order to evaluate the clinical effect produced by the aqueous extract from these species on type 2 non-controlled diabetes mellitus, a total of 43 outpatients were included. Based on the European NIDDM (policy group) criteria, only patients with poor response to the conventional treatment were selected. All patients maintained their medical treatment and also received a prepared infusion of the dry leaves of the plant treatment for 21 days. In a double-blind manner, the patients were randomly grouped as follows: 22 patients were treated with C. obtusifolia and 21 with M. vulgare. The fasting blood glucose values were reduced by 15.25% on patients treated with C. obtusifolia, while cholesterol and triglycerides were decreased by 14.62% and 42.0%, respectively (ANOVA p< 0.02). In the case of patients treated with M. vulgare, the plasma glucose level was reduced by 0.64% and cholesterol and triglycerides by 4.16% and 5.78%, respectively. When the results were compared between groups, significant differences in glucose and cholesterol diminution were found. The obtained results showed that the infusion prepared with the leaves of C. obtusifolia (containing 2.99+/-0.14mg of chlorogenic acid/g of dried plant) produced beneficial effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms when it was administered as an adjunct on patients with type 2 diabetes with poor response to conventional medical treatment.
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PMID:Clinical trial of Cecropia obtusifolia and Marrubium vulgare leaf extracts on blood glucose and serum lipids in type 2 diabetics. 1563 68

Childhood obesity is prevalent and linked to the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and poor bone health. Some PUFA enhance bone mass and thus may improve bone health in obese children. The study objective was to determine the effects of dietary (n-6) compared with (n-3) essential PUFA and long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) on bone in an obese and insulin-resistant state. Male fa/fa (n = 48) and lean Zucker rats (n = 48) were fed diets containing safflower oil [SO, high (n-6) PUFA], flaxseed oil [FXO, high (n-3) PUFA], or menhaden oil [MO, high (n-3) LCPUFA] for 9 wk. Measurements included the following: femur bone area (BA), mineral content (BMC), density (BMD), morphometry and ex vivo release of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)); plasma osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen. Differences among groups were detected using 2-way ANOVA. Genotype effects in the fa/fa rats included lower femoral weight, length, BA, and BMC, as well as femoral head and proximal epiphysis widths compared with the lean rats, but BMD was not affected. Femur BA, BMC, and BMD did not differ among the dietary groups, but diaphysis width was elevated in the MO group and PGE(2) release was reduced by the FXO and MO diets. No genotype x diet interactions were observed. These data indicate that the fa/fa Zucker rat is at risk for low bone mass and that dietary (n-3) FA effectively reduce PGE(2) release. Whether reduced PGE(2) will support optimal peak bone mass during childhood and conserve bone mass with aging warrants investigation.
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PMID:(n-3) fatty acids reduce the release of prostaglandin E2 from bone but do not affect bone mass in obese (fa/fa) and lean Zucker rats. 1573 84

Mechanisms underlying biological effects of statin and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapies differ. Therefore, we compared vascular and metabolic responses to these therapies either alone or in combination in patients with type 2 diabetes. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial with 3 treatment arms (each 2 months) and 2 washout periods (each 2 months). Fifty patients with type 2 diabetes were given simvastatin 20 mg and placebo, simvastatin 20 mg and ramipril 10 mg, or ramipril 10 mg and placebo daily during each 2-month treatment period. Ramipril alone or combined therapy significantly reduced blood pressure when compared with simvastatin alone. When compared with ramipril alone, simvastatin alone or combined therapy significantly improved the lipoprotein profile. All 3 treatment arms significantly improved flow-mediated dilator response to hyperemia and reduced plasma levels of malondialdehyde relative to baseline measurements. However, these parameters were changed to a greater extent with combined therapy when compared with simvastatin or ramipril alone (P<0.001 by ANOVA). When compared with simvastatin or ramipril alone, combined therapy significantly reduced high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (P=0.004 by ANOVA). Interestingly, combined therapy or ramipril alone significantly increased plasma adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity relative to baseline measurements. These changes were significantly greater than in the group treated with simvastatin alone (P<0.015 by ANOVA). Ramipril combined with simvastatin had beneficial vascular and metabolic effects when compared with monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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PMID:Vascular and metabolic effects of combined therapy with ramipril and simvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes. 1588 29

A relationship between cell metabolism and the expression of glucose transporters (GLUT) has been reported. On the other side, treatment with some antipsychotics has been associated with an increased incidence of hyperglycemia and new-onset type 2 diabetes. We here examined the effects of different concentrations of the conventional antipsychotic haloperidol (400 and 800 microg/ml), of the atypical antipsychotics clozapine (100 and 200 microg/ml) and olanzapine (100 and 200 microg/ml) as well as of the antidepressant mirtazapine (10(-7) mol) on the mRNA levels of GLUT1-5 in the human leukemic blood cell line U937 after incubation for 48 h. After experimental treatment, significant increases were detected by ANOVA and appropriate post-hoc tests for mirtazapine in GLUT4 mRNA levels as well as for haloperidol 400 and 800 microg/ml, olanzapine 200 microg/ml, and mirtazapine in GLUT5 mRNA levels. ANOVAs revealed no statistically significant changes in GLUT1-3 and beta-actin mRNA levels. These findings suggest that direct effects of psychotropic drugs on cellular GLUT4 and GLUT5 may be involved in the metabolic dysfunctions occurring during psychopharmacological treatment.
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PMID:Effects of different antipsychotics and the antidepressant mirtazapine on glucose transporter mRNA levels in human blood cells. 1600 93

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with significant abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism and coronary heart disease (CHD). The most commonly recognized lipid abnormality in type 2 DM is hypertriglyceridemia, which is known to be an independent risk factor for CHD in diabetics. The -1131T-->C polymorphism found in the newly identified apolipoprotein A5 ( APOA5 ) gene has been found to be associated with elevated plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations in different racial groups. In this study, DNA samples from 155 control subjects, 172 type 2 diabetics and 113 type 2 DM patients with CHD were analyzed to examine the influence of APOA5 1131T-->C polymorphism on plasma lipids and the susceptibility to CHD in type 2 diabetics. The frequency of the APOA5 -1131C allele in the DM+CHD group was significantly higher than that of control subjects (37.2% vs. 27.7%, p=0.021). The distribution of the APOA5 -1131T-->C genotypes (TT, TC and CC) was 36.3%, 53.1% and 10.6% in type 2 DM patients with CHD, and 53.6%, 37.4% and 9.0% in controls, respectively (p=0.018). The frequencies of alleles and genotypes in type 2 diabetics were not significant compared to controls. In controls, plasma TG concentrations in subjects with the TT genotype were significantly lower than in those with TC/CC (0.92, 1.28 and 1.35 mmol/L for TT, TC and CC, respectively; p = 0.003 by ANOVA). These data suggest that the APOA5 -1131T-->C polymorphism might play a role in elevated plasma TG levels in type 2 diabetic patients in the Chinese population.
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PMID:Apolipoprotein A5 gene polymorphism -1131T-->C: association with plasma lipids and type 2 diabetes mellitus with coronary heart disease in Chinese. 1600 56

Limited evidence suggests renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) polymorphisms alter the blood pressure (BP) response to aerobic exercise training. We examined if RAAS polymorphisms influenced postexercise hypotension in men with high normal to Stage 1 hypertension. Forty-seven men (44.2+/-1.4 years, 145.1+/-1.6/85.5+/-1.1 mmHg) randomly completed three experiments: seated rest (control) and two cycle exercise bouts at 40% (LITE) and 60% (MOD) of maximal oxygen consumption. Ambulating BP was measured for 14 h after each experiment. RAAS polymorphisms associated with hypertension (i.e. angiotensin converting I enzyme, ACE I/D; angiotensin II type 1 receptor, AT1R A/C; and intron 2 of aldosterone synthase, Int2 W/C) were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme digestion. Repeated measure ANOVA tested if BP differed between experimental conditions by RAAS genotypes. Compared to men with 0-2 variant alleles, men with > or =3 combined RAAS variant alleles had lower average systolic BP (SBP) (P=0.030) and lower average diastolic BP (DBP) (P=0.009) for 14 h only after LITE. In contrast, average BP was not different for MOD and control between RAAS variant allele groups over this time period (P> or =0.05). LITE reduced BP in men with > or =3 variant RAAS alleles for 14 h, whereas MOD had no influence on BP in these men. In order to optimally prescribe exercise for its BP lowering benefits in those with hypertension, additional knowledge of how genetic variation affects the BP response to exercise is needed.
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PMID:RAAS polymorphisms alter the acute blood pressure response to aerobic exercise among men with hypertension. 1646 60

Hypertension and diabetes are associated with an increased arterial stiffness. A direct blood pressure-independent effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on arterial stiffness has never been unequivocally demonstrated. In this mechanistic study, we used an experimental design in which patients responding to 1 month treatment with 4 mg perindopril were randomized double-blind to either 4 mg perindopril or 8 mg perindopril for 6 months. We determined carotid distensibility with echotracking and applanation tonometry at baseline and after the 7-month treatment period in 57 essential hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes (age 63+/-7 years). We monitored ambulatory blood pressure at baseline and after treatment. After 7 months treatment, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure significantly decreased, with no significant difference between 4 mg and 8 mg perindopril. Carotid distensibility increased more after 8 mg perindopril compared with 4 mg perindopril (8 mg: from 13.1+/-5.9 to 16.0+/-6.7 kPa(-1)x10(-3); 4 mg: from 13.2+/-5.2 to 12.7+/-5.9 kPa(-1)x10(-3); ANOVA, dose-period interaction, P<0.05). Carotid internal diameter and elastic modulus were significantly lower after 8 mg perindopril compared with 4 mg perindopril, independent of blood pressure reduction. These results indicate a dose-dependent and blood pressure-independent reduction in carotid stiffness under chronic treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. They suggest that arterial distensibility was increased through an inward remodeling, leading to a reduction in wall stress, thus reducing elastic modulus. They also suggest that long-term administration of high doses (8 mg) of perindopril is required to improve carotid structure and function in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes.
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PMID:Brachial pressure-independent reduction in carotid stiffness after long-term angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in diabetic hypertensives. 1670 90

Psychological stress has been implicated as a cause of several psychosomatic disorders, but also as a factor that can unfavourably influence many diseases including diabetes mellitus. Measure of psychological stress in diabetes was performed by Psychological Stress Measure (PSM), a validated instrument, designed using 49 items drawn from descriptors generated by focus groups on stress. Clinical and psychological framework was assessed in a cohort of 100 type 2 diabetic patients (30 m, 70 f), aged 66.99 +/- 13.68 years considering disease grade, complications and level of instruction. Three other questionnaires were administered concurrently to all patients: Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), Functional Living Index (FLI) and SF-36 QOL. ANOVA statistical testing and Spearman correlation matrix were used also vs socio-cultural and clinical profile. Gender, obesity, diet compliance, smoking do not affect PSM response. Hypertensive patients and those with family history of diabetes show lower PSM scores, according to a sort of moderator effect on stress of concurrent and/or previous experience with chronic disease. Neuromuscular ailments are more prevalent in women; men vs women experience severe limitations of their working capacities and relational possibilities, with severe discomfort. In the whole, higher scores of PSM (greater stress p < 0.01) and lower scores of FLI (fair well-being perception; p < 0.01) are reciprocally related inside any school instruction level. Despite the great reciprocal association of the PSM vs FLI and SIP, no significant correlation is found between PSM vs SF-36 QOL. Socio-cultural elements interfere, and particularly instruction level quantified as school grades achieved, with the manner of living their disease. Interventions on psychological distress of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients is warranted, specially in the groups with lower levels of instruction which may need an attentive strategy for achieving a satisfactory coping with this disease.
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PMID:Psychological stress measure in type 2 diabetes. 1670 51

This study evaluated the relationship between the amount of cuspal deflection and linear polymerization shrinkage in resin composites and polyacid modified resin composites (compomers). Materials included were Dyract AP, Compoglass F, Z100, SureFil, Pyramid, Synergy Compact, Heliomolar and Heliomolar HB. To measure polymerization shrinkage, a custom-made linometer (R&B, Daejon) was used. Ten measurements were made for each group, and the amount of linear shrinkage that occurred in 60 seconds was statistically compared by one-way ANOVA analysis and Tukey's test. To measure the cuspal deflection of teeth, standardized MOD cavities were prepared in extracted maxillary premolars. After a self-etching adhesive was applied, the cavities were bulk filled with one of the filling materials. Fifteen teeth were used for each material. Cuspal deflection was measured by a custom-made cuspal-deflection measuring device. One-way ANOVA analysis and Tukey's test were used to determine differences between the materials. The correlation of polymerization shrinkage vs cuspal deflection was analyzed by regression analysis. The amount of polymerization shrinkage from least to greatest was Heliomolar, SureFil < Heliomolar HB < Z100, Synergy Compact < Dyract AP < Pyramid, Compoglass F (p < 0.05). The amount of cuspal deflection from least to greatest was Z100, Heliomolar, Heliomolar HB, Synergy Compact, SureFil, < Compoglass F < Pyramid, Dyract AP (p < 0.05). Both the amount of polymerization shrinkage and cuspal deflection were highly correlated (p < 0.001).
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PMID:Correlation between the amount of linear polymerization shrinkage and cuspal deflection. 1680 45


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