Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Irbesartan is a noncompetitive angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonist which has been successfully used for more than 10 years for the treatment of hypertensive disease. In a dose of 150-300 mg/day irbesartan produces long term effect for 24 hours. Its antihypertensive efficacy is augmented by concomitant administration of hydrochlorothiazide. Irbesartan reduces left ventricular hypertrophy and increases probability of maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Renoprotective effects of irbesartan has been demonstrated both at early and late stages of kidney involvement in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of irbesartan ensure high level of patients compliance. Irbesartan as monotherapy or as combination with hydrochlorothiazide demonstrate contemporary therapeutic approach to arterial hypertension as well as to diabetic nephropathy both at its early and late stages.
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PMID:[Irbesartan in clinical practice]. 2323 98

Bilirubin, a potent endogenous antioxidant, was found to protect against the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in rodents. In humans, cross-sectional studies found an inverse relation between bilirubin and DN. We prospectively investigated whether bilirubin is associated with progression of DN toward end-stage renal disease (ESRD). To this end, we performed a post hoc analysis in the Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan (RENAAL) trial with independent replication in the Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial (IDNT). Subjects with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy with alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and bilirubin levels <1.5 times the upper limit of normal were included. The renal end point was defined as the composite of confirmed doubling of serum creatinine or ESRD. Bilirubin was inversely associated with the renal end point in RENAAL independent of age, sex, race, BMI, smoking, total cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c, treatment, estimated glomerular filtration rate, albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and AST. These results were confirmed in IDNT. This study indicates an independent inverse association of bilirubin with progression of nephropathy in RENAAL and IDNT. These data suggest a protective effect of bilirubin against progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. The well-established role of bilirubin as an antioxidant is a potential explanation for the findings.
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PMID:Bilirubin and progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: a post hoc analysis of RENAAL with independent replication in IDNT. 2506 Aug 93

Recent studies demonstrate an important role of protein kinase D (PKD) in the cardiovascular system. However, the potential role of PKD in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) remains unclear. Irbesartan has beneficial effects against diabetes-induced heart damage, while the mechanisms were still poorly understood. Our present study was designed to investigate the effects of irbesartan in DCM and whether the cardioprotective effects of irbesartan were mediated by PKD and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We induced the type 2 diabetic rat model by high fat diet and low dose streptozotocin injection. The characteristics of type 2 DCM were evaluated by metabolic tests, echocardiography and histopathology. 8-weeks administration of irbesartan (15, 30 and 45mg/kg/day) was used to evaluate the effect irbesartan in DCM. Diabetic rats revealed severe metabolic abnormalities, left ventricular dysfunction, myocardial fibrosis and apoptosis. PKD and ER stress were excessive activated in the myocardium of diabetic rats. Furthermore, cardiac fibrosis, apoptosis, diastolic dysfunction and ER stress were all significantly related to PKD activation in diabetic rats. Irbesartan treatment attenuated the activation of PKD and ER stress, which paralleled its cardioprotective effects. Our study suggests that irbesartan could ameliorate cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in type 2 diabetes, and these beneficial effects were associated with its ability to suppress the activation of PKD and ER stress.
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PMID:Irbesartan ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy by regulating protein kinase D and ER stress activation in a type 2 diabetes rat model. 2561 29


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