Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study reviews the new diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus proposed by NIH. We measured insulin levels during 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (75 g OGTT) and hemoglobin AIC levels in patients diagnosed as having impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM) according to the NIH criteria. In a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, there was no significant difference in insulin-glucose ratio between nonobese IGT and nonobese NIDDM who had fasting blood glucose levels of less than 120 mg/dl (NIDDM-A group). However, in nonobese NIDDM with fasting blood glucose higher than 120 mg/dl (NIDDM-B group), the insulin-glucose ratio was significantly lower than in the IGT or NIDDM-A group. The NIDDM-B group had a higher hemoglobin AIC levels than the IGT and NIDDM-A groups, with no significant difference between the levels of the two latter groups. These observations suggest that the impairment in the function of pancreatic B cells and the state of chronic hyperglycemia are the same in IGT & NIDDM-A groups. Therefore, the NIH standards do not appear refined enough to truly differentiate between IGT and nonobese NIDDM with fasting blood glucose of less than 120 mg/dl.
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PMID:An assessment of the new NIH diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus according to insulin response in a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test and levels of hemoglobin AIC. 675 57

Exercise improves insulin sensitivity. As AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays an important role in muscle metabolism during exercise, we investigated the effects of the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) on insulin action in insulin-resistant high-fat-fed (HF) rats. Rats received a subcutaneous injection of 250 mg/kg AICAR (HF-AIC) or saline (HF-Con). The next day, euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp studies were performed. Glucose infusion rate during the clamp was enhanced (50%) in HF-AIC compared with HF-Con rats. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was improved in white but not in red quadriceps, whereas glycogen synthesis was improved in both red and white quadriceps of HF-AIC rats. HF-AIC rats also showed increased insulin suppressibility of hepatic glucose output (HGO). AICAR-induced responses in both liver and muscle were accompanied by reduced malonyl-CoA content. Clamp HGO correlated closely with hepatic triglyceride content (r = 0.67, P < 0.01). Thus, a single dose of AICAR leads to an apparent enhancement in whole-body, muscle, and liver insulin action in HF rats that extends beyond the expected time of AMPK activation. Whether altered tissue lipid metabolism mediates AICAR effects on insulin action remains to be determined. Follow-up studies suggest that at least some of the post-AICAR insulin-enhancing effects also occur in normal rats. Independent of this, the results suggest that pharmacological activation of AMPK may have potential in treating insulin-resistant states and type 2 diabetes.
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PMID:AICAR administration causes an apparent enhancement of muscle and liver insulin action in insulin-resistant high-fat-fed rats. 1235 23

The effect of treatment for hepatitis C viral infection on hemoglobin A(1c) (A1C) levels is not well described in the literature. We describe a 59-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus whose A1C level became falsely low when ribavirin and peginterferon alfa-2b therapy were started for treatment of hepatitis C. After treatment was discontinued, the patient's A1C returned to its previous baseline value. Use of the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale indicated a probable relationship (score of 7) between the patient's low AIC level and his ribavirin-peginterferon alfa-2b therapy. Clinicians should be aware that combination therapy for hepatitis C may affect A1C values. To maintain accurate glucose control in patients with diabetes who are receiving treatment for hepatitis C, it is important that they self-monitor their blood glucose levels in conjunction with A1C data, especially when A1C values become falsely low.
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PMID:Falsely low hemoglobin A1c levels in a patient receiving ribavirin and peginterferon alfa-2b for hepatitis C. 1911