Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Vinegar is generally believed to be good for health. A mash consisting of 35% ethanolic extract from bitter melon malt vinegar-water (8:50:42) was subjected to further acetate fermentation and the resulting vinegar was converted to dried vinegar powder by spray drying after adsorption on dextrin, which was mixed with a commercial rat chow (CRF-1) in the ratio of 1:19 so as to prepare an experimental diet. Male 12-wk old rats of LETO and OLETF strains were fed this experimental diet in parallel with CRF-1 (control) and examined for respiratory quotient (RQ) and blood or plasma parameters associated with diabetes mellitus. Administration of the experimental diet increased daily food intake as well as daily energy expenditure in both strains. RQ significantly lessened in the vinegar diet-fed group of LETO strain, which was reflected not only in the increased energy consumption from fat but also in the decreased energy consumption from carbohydrate, while no significant difference was observed between both dietary groups of OLETF strain in this respect. The profiles of diurnal energy expenditure in both dietary groups of LETO strain exerted two peaks before lights-on and lights-off. Nevertheless, there was a clear difference between both dietary groups of OLETF strain: interestingly the reproduction of the two peaks became conspicuous in the vinegar diet-fed group despite the lack of such peaks in the control. As a consequence of blood or plasma inspection, it turned out that there was no change in HbA1c but a significant increase in plasma cholesterol in the vinegar diet-fed OLETF rats. From these results, a long-term administration of bitter melon malt vinegar can be expected to suppress a lowering of energy turnover inherent with aging and thereby improve anorexia rather than to bring about a preventive effect against the manifestation of NIDDM.
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PMID:Bitter melon malt vinegar increases daily energy turnover in rats. 1497 34

We report a singular clinical condition observed following a short duration treatment with sulphasalazine (SSZ) in a 64-year-old woman affected by psoriatic arthritis. Two weeks after starting treatment, a high degree, subcontinuous fever occurred, together with systemic discomfort, fatigue, headache, and ultimately a moderate wakefulness impairment. Upon admission to the hospital, a malar rash became evident. Modest notes of hepatotoxicity were also evident. All of the symptoms suddenly resolved after SSZ withdrawal. The markers of hepatitis become negative just 2 months later. It is interesting to note that after dismissal, in order to counteract the severe arthritic conditions and the presence of a type 2 diabetes, a combined therapy with methotrexate and cyclosporin had to be used, with no renal or hepatic side effects and remarkable therapeutic effects. No markers of autoimmunity were found in this patient. The chronology and the clinical events here described may confirm the hypothesis of a idiosyncratic reaction to SSZ, closely resembling a rare, sometimes irreversible, condition known as "the 3 week sulphasalazine syndrome".
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PMID:Abrupt occurrence of high fever and rash in a patient treated with sulphasalazine for psoriatic arthritis. 1497 71

There is increasing evidence that an ongoing cytokine-induced acute-phase response (sometimes called low-grade inflammation, but part of a widespread activation of the innate immune system) is closely involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and associated complications such as dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Elevated circulating inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 predict the development of type 2 diabetes, and several drugs with anti-inflammatory properties lower both acute-phase reactants and glycemia (aspirin and thiazolidinediones) and possibly decrease the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (statins). Among the risk factors for type 2 diabetes, which are also known to be associated with activated innate immunity, are age, inactivity, certain dietary components, smoking, psychological stress, and low birth weight. Activated immunity may be the common antecedent of both type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis, which probably develop in parallel. Other features of type 2 diabetes, such as fatigue, sleep disturbance, and depression, are likely to be at least partly due to hypercytokinemia and activated innate immunity. Further research is needed to confirm and clarify the role of innate immunity in type 2 diabetes, particularly the extent to which inflammation in type 2 diabetes is a primary abnormality or partly secondary to hyperglycemia, obesity, atherosclerosis, or other common features of the disease.
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PMID:Inflammation and activated innate immunity in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. 1498 10

Lower extremity ulcers are a common and challenging problem for people with diabetes and clinicians who provide their care. A qualitative study of seven patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who had leg and/or foot ulcers was conducted to enhance understanding of the patient's perspective of living with lower extremity ulcers and diabetes. Data were collected through in-depth interviews guided by the patients' descriptive priorities. Results indicated that patients experienced changes in their feet, pain and insomnia, fatigue and limited mobility, social isolation and loneliness, a restricted life, loss of control, and fear for the future. When treating a patient's leg or foot ulcer, clinicians need to consider patients' subjective feelings toward the various aspects of their life situations and the impact of their situation on their quality of life. Understanding the ramifications of lower extremity ulcers and diabetes on patients is important to the health professional's ability to provide support during the illness process.
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PMID:Living with diabetic foot ulcers: a life of fear, restrictions, and pain. 1512 12

Chronic heart failure (CHF) impairs muscle O2 delivery (QO2) and, at a given O2 uptake (VO2), lowers microvascular O2 pressures (PmvO2: determined by the QO2-to-VO2 ratio), which may impair recovery of high-energy phosphates following exercise. Because CHF preferentially decreases QO2 to slow-twitch muscles, we hypothesized that recovery PmvO2 kinetics would be slowed to a greater extent in soleus (SOL: approximately 84% type I fibres) than in peroneal (PER: approximately 14% type I) muscles of CHF rats. PmvO2 dynamics were determined in SOL and PER muscles of control (CON: n= 6; left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, LVEDP: approximately 3 mmHg), moderate CHF (MOD: n= 7; LVEDP: approximately 11 mmHg) and severe CHF (SEV: n= 4; LVEDP: approximately 25 mmHg) following cessation of electrical stimulation (180 s; 1 Hz). In PER, neither the recovery PmvO2 values nor the mean response time (MRT; a weighted average of the time to 63% of the overall response) were altered by CHF (CON: 66.8 +/- 8.0, MOD: 72.4 +/- 11.8, SEV: 69.1 +/- 9.5 s). In marked contrast, SOL PmvO2, at recovery onset, was reduced significantly in the SEV group ( approximately 6 Torr) and PmvO2 MRT was slowed with increased severity of CHF (CON: 45.1 +/- 5.3, MOD: 63.2 +/- 9.4, SEV: 82.6 +/- 12.3 s; P < 0.05 CON vs. MOD and SEV). These data indicate that CHF slows PmvO2 recovery following contractions and lowers capillary O2 driving pressure in slow-twitch SOL, but not in fast-twitch PER muscle. These results may explain, in part, the slowed recovery kinetics (phosphocreatine and VO2) and pronounced fatigue following muscular work in CHF patients.
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PMID:Effects of chronic heart failure in rats on the recovery of microvascular PO2 after contractions in muscles of opposing fibre type. 1513 Oct 70

The aim of the present study was to describe the associations between glucose tolerance and symptoms in an unselected non-institutionalised elderly population aged 73 years or over (n = 259, of whom 93 were men). Diabetes was assessed on the basis of self-reports and 2-h oral glucose tolerance tests (1985 WHO criteria). Symptoms were measured with a modified diabetes symptom checklist (DSC-Type 2). The previously diagnosed diabetic patients reported to have more symptoms in all the six dimensions of the symptom checklist than the other study groups. According to the responses to twenty out of 34 items, more of the previously diagnosed diabetic women had symptoms than the other female study groups; the corresponding figure for the previously diagnosed diabetic men being 16/34. The following hyperglycaemic symptoms: "dry mouth", "increasing fatigue in the course of the day", "numbness in the hands", were either weakly or significantly associated with undiagnosed diabetes. Men with IGT reported to have "dry mouth" and "tingling or pricking in the legs or feet" more often than men with NGT. Symptoms of "moodiness" increased along with the deterioration of glucose tolerance, and it seems that depression is associated with type 2 diabetes in elderly people, too. Although the study covered a wide range of symptoms, it did not clearly reveal such symptoms that could be used as potential indicators of undiagnosed diabetes or especially IGT among elderly patients.
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PMID:Does hyperglycaemia cause symptoms in elderly people? 1524 24

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide disease that is characterized by a preferential chronic evolution with mild to severe liver disease, including cirrhosis and, in lesser proportion, hepatocarcinoma. Out of these complications, HCV is frequently reported to complicate extrahepatic manifestations. Among those associated to HCV infection with a high degree of certainty, mixed cryoglobulinemia and its complications (skin, neurological, renal, rheumatological involvement) are the most prevalent (50%) in HCV-infected patients. The other diseases include noncryoglobulinemic systemic vasculitis, splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes, fatigue, porphyria cutanea tarda, sicca syndrome, and autoantibodies production. The extrahepatic manifestations that share mild-degree certainty of association with HCV infection include B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, pruritus, and type II diabetes mellitus. The other diseases such as autoimmune thyroiditis, lichen planus are more questionable for their eventual association with HCV and others (pulmonary fibrosis with or without polymyositis, progressive encephalomyelitis, Mooren's corneal ulcers, erythema nodosum, chronic polyradiculonevritis) are mostly case reports. Howerver, even in cases of tight association, the mechanisms through which HCV may promote or induce extrahepatic manifestations remain unclear and merit further investigations.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus-associated extrahepatic manifestations: a review. 1555 28

We explored the relationship between frequency and perceived burden of different self-management activities and HbA1c%, symptoms of diabetes, fatigue, depression, and quality of life in 292 employees between 30 and 60 years of age with insulin-treated diabetes. Participants completed questionnaires that assess self-management and health-related variables. t-Tests were performed for type 1 (DM1) and type 2 diabetes (DM2) separately to compare the mean health scores of individuals who frequently or infrequently perform self-management activities and who do or do not perceive this as a burden. Participants frequently perform their self-management activities, particularly injection of insulin (96.1%), following dietary guidelines (70.8%) and eating regularly (65.6%). Dietary self-management is most often seen as a burden (70.4%), while injecting insulin is seen as least burdensome (12.8%). The perceived burden of self-management is more strongly related to health than the frequency of self-management. Frequency of self-management especially relates to HbA1c% in DM1. People with DM2 who frequently follow the dietary guidelines have more positive health outcomes. Participants who perceive dietary self-management and injecting insulin as a burden have more negative health outcomes. Because different relationships were found between frequency and perceived burden of self-management and health indicators, both aspects should be assessed and considered separately when evaluating self-management and examining patient's health.
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PMID:Frequency and perceived burden of diabetes self-management activities in employees with insulin-treated diabetes: relationships with health outcomes. 1581 66

ATP-sensitive K+ channels (K(ATP) channels) play an important role in glucose homeostasis. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the Kir6.2 subunit causes a point mutation of Glu23 to lysine and reduces the ATP sensitivity of pancreatic K(ATP) channels. The SNP found in 58% of Caucasians accounts for 15% of type 2 diabetes. Here we show evidence for dysregulations of muscular K(ATP) channels with the E23K variation. We were particularly interested in the channel modulation by intracellular protons, as pH changes widely and frequently in skeletal muscles. Surprisingly, we found that the defect of the E23K variant was more related to pH than ATP. A level of intracellular acidification seen during exercise not only activated the E23K channel more readily than the wild type, but also relieved the channel inhibition by ATP, leading to a vast increase in the channel open-state probability by approximately sevenfold at pH 6.8 over the wild-type channel at pH 7.4. Considering the reduction in sarcolemmal excitability, muscle fatigue, and impairment of muscular glucose uptake found previously by genetically disrupting K(ATP) channels, it is likely that the E23K variant in muscular K(ATP) channels affects systemic glucose homeostasis and poses an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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PMID:Single nucleotide polymorphisms in K(ATP) channels: muscular impact on type 2 diabetes. 1585 51

Inhibition of hepatic glycogen phosphorylase is a promising treatment strategy for attenuating hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. Crystallographic studies indicate, however, that selectivity between glycogen phosphorylase in skeletal muscle and liver is unlikely to be achieved. Furthermore, glycogen phosphorylase activity is critical for normal skeletal muscle function, and thus fatigue may represent a major development hurdle for this therapeutic strategy. We have carried out the first systematic evaluation of this important issue. The rat gastrocnemius-plantaris-soleus (GPS) muscle was isolated and perfused with a red cell suspension, containing 3 micromol/l glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor (GPi) or vehicle (control). After 60 min, the GPS muscle was snap-frozen (rest, n = 11 per group) or underwent 20 s of maximal contraction (n = 8, control; n = 9, GPi) or 10 min of submaximal contraction (n = 10 per group). GPi pretreatment reduced the activation of the glycogen phosphorylase a form by 16% at rest, 25% after 20 s, and 44% after 10 min of contraction compared with the corresponding control. AMP-mediated glycogen phosphorylase activation was impaired only at 10 min (by 21%). GPi transiently reduced muscle lactate production during contraction, but other than this, muscle energy metabolism and function remained unaffected at both contraction intensities. These data indicate that glycogen phosphorylase inhibition aimed at attenuating hyperglycaemia is unlikely to negatively impact muscle metabolic and functional capacity.
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PMID:Glycogen phosphorylase inhibition in type 2 diabetes therapy: a systematic evaluation of metabolic and functional effects in rat skeletal muscle. 1604 14


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