Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Metabonomics, the study of metabolites and their roles in various disease states, is a novel methodology arising from the post-genomics era. This methodology has been applied in many fields, including work in cardiovascular research and drug toxicology. In this study, metabonomics method was employed to the diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) based on serum lipid metabolites. The results suggested that serum fatty acid profiles determined by capillary gas chromatography combined with pattern recognition analysis of the data might provide an effective approach to the discrimination of Type 2 diabetic patients from healthy controls. And the applications of pattern recognition methods have improved the sensitivity and specificity greatly.
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PMID:Discrimination of Type 2 diabetic patients from healthy controls by using metabonomics method based on their serum fatty acid profiles. 1555 15

The optimum pharmacological treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) in youth for those who fail to achieve adequate glycemic control (HbA1c <7%) with lifestyle intervention is unknown. The aim of this pilot study was to observe the effect of short-term insulin therapy (<16 weeks duration) on glycemic control in youth with DM2. A pre-mix 30/70 insulin was given twice daily to 18 youth aged 10-18 years with DM2 for 8.7+/-4.3 weeks with a starting dose of 0.5 U/kg/day. HbA1c, body mass index (BMI) and episodes of hypoglycemia were monitored during the treatment period and for a 12-month period after insulin was stopped. Mean HbA1c decreased from 12.81% to 7.59% (95% CI 6.54, 8.64). This improvement persisted for 12 months without any further drug therapy. There was no significant change in mean BMI and there were no episodes of moderate or severe hypoglycemia. Decreasing beta-cell glucose toxicity with rapid improvement of blood glucose may play an important role in treatment of DM2 in adolescents. Early success in achieving target blood glucose levels is an important aspect of adolescent DM2 care.
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PMID:Short-term insulin therapy in adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 1557 Sep 94

To verify the prevalence of ischemic myocardial abnormalities, 67 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) with normal basal electrocardiogram (EKG) or with ventricular repolarization abnormalities were evaluated by a perfusional myocardial scintigraphy. The average age was 63.5 +/- 9 years. Twenty-one (31.3%) were male and 46 (68.7%) female. A significant part of the sample (62.7%) had a normal myocardial scan, 37.3% were positive for ischemia. The majority of the sample (91%; n = 61) was submitted to an EKG during exercise which was positive for ischemia in 31.1%. The concordance between myocardial scintigraphy and the EKG during exercise demonstrated a low correlation between the two procedures (Kappa = 0.49; P = 0.0001). We conclude that perfusional myocardial scan is a highly valuable tool for evaluation and diagnosis of coronary artery disease in DM2 patients with atypical angina.
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PMID:[Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in type 2 diabetic patients with atypical chest pain]. 1564 Aug 97

To evaluate the efficacy and patient preferences of ear lobe capillary glycemia (GC) against conventional fingerstick GC, we studied 40 patients (13M/27F; 41.6 +/- 13.5 years) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Glucose monitoring was accomplished using a digital glucometer and Accu-Chek Softclix Pro lancetator. Tests were carried out during 27 days with grade 2 of penetration (median) on the distal phalange of the right hand's third finger and on the inferior part of the right ear lobe, at the same time and fasting. The comparative analyzes of fingerstick and ear lobe GC did not show statistical significance (p = 0.008). 72.5% of patients reported no pain during the ear lobe test against 15% in fingerstick GC. There was a significant correlation between ear lobe test and low level of pain (p< 0.001). 82.5% of patients preferred the ear lobe test for monitoring. The ear lobe GC was as efficient as traditional fingerstick test. This new method was associated with low level of pain, safety, comfort, and good acceptance for most patients.
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PMID:[Fingerstick capillary glycemia versus ear lobe measurement: comparative analysis of results and patient preferences]. 1564 Sep 2

A cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted on 1,647 Turkish adolescents to determine the prevalence of obesity, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), and to determine whether the recent increase in DM2 prevalence in some countries is applicable to this population. Information was gathered through a questionnaire. All children were screened with physical examination and fasting plasma glucose. 10.7% of adolescents were overweight (BMI 85-95th percentile) and 3.6% were obese (BMI > or =95th percentile). Mean BMI was 20.25 +/- 3.31 kg/m2 with maximum BMI 35.88 kg/m2. No child was diagnosed with DM2; 1.96% had IFG (110-126 mg/dl). No significant relationship was found between IFG and obesity, socio-economic status (SES) or family history of DM. The risk of obesity was increased among children with family history of DM or obesity, and among those who had low physical activity and were of high SES level. This analysis represents the population-based data upon which future studies will be based.
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PMID:Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based study of adolescents. 1564 97

The medical community faces an emerging epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) in children and adolescents with a disproportionate increase among certain ethnic groups. DM2 represents one arm of the metabolic syndrome and parallels an increasing prevalence of obesity. The metabolic syndrome includes insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension with a consequent risk of early cardiovascular disease. Thus, treatment of DM2 and the metabolic syndrome poses a challenge for pediatric endocrinologists and represents a huge public health issue. This review presents information about treatment of childhood DM2 with emphasis on indications for the use of insulin in management and normalization of blood glucose.
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PMID:The management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. 1575

We explored the relationship between frequency and perceived burden of different self-management activities and HbA1c%, symptoms of diabetes, fatigue, depression, and quality of life in 292 employees between 30 and 60 years of age with insulin-treated diabetes. Participants completed questionnaires that assess self-management and health-related variables. t-Tests were performed for type 1 (DM1) and type 2 diabetes (DM2) separately to compare the mean health scores of individuals who frequently or infrequently perform self-management activities and who do or do not perceive this as a burden. Participants frequently perform their self-management activities, particularly injection of insulin (96.1%), following dietary guidelines (70.8%) and eating regularly (65.6%). Dietary self-management is most often seen as a burden (70.4%), while injecting insulin is seen as least burdensome (12.8%). The perceived burden of self-management is more strongly related to health than the frequency of self-management. Frequency of self-management especially relates to HbA1c% in DM1. People with DM2 who frequently follow the dietary guidelines have more positive health outcomes. Participants who perceive dietary self-management and injecting insulin as a burden have more negative health outcomes. Because different relationships were found between frequency and perceived burden of self-management and health indicators, both aspects should be assessed and considered separately when evaluating self-management and examining patient's health.
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PMID:Frequency and perceived burden of diabetes self-management activities in employees with insulin-treated diabetes: relationships with health outcomes. 1581 66

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) commonly occurs in childhood, although many pediatric centers are now seeing more cases of type 2 diabetes (DM2). Kidney failure caused by either type of diabetes is uncommon during childhood, but these years of hyperglycemia contribute to long-term complications. All children with diabetes warrant screening of glomerular filtration rate, blood pressure, and urine albumin excretion. Screening should begin after 5 years of DM1 or at puberty. A similar screening strategy should start at the time of diagnosis of DM2. Atypical features such as dipstick positive proteinuria or active urine sediment may warrant referral to a nephrologist for evaluation, including biopsy. The first line of treatment in either form of diabetes is achieving the best glycemic control possible. Patients developing microalbuminuria or hypertension should receive antiangiotensin II drugs. Adult studies suggest blood pressure goals should be lower in diabetes than in the general population. Although direct evidence is not yet available in children, achieving blood pressure below the 90th percentile for age, height, and gender seems prudent. Longitudinal studies and new screening tests may allow detection of susceptible children earlier in the course of DM1 or DM2, perhaps allowing prevention of diabetic kidney disease.
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PMID:Pediatric aspects of diabetic kidney disease. 1582 59

Deletion of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) in mice causes accumulation of cerebral amyloid beta-protein (Abeta), hyperinsulinemia, and glucose intolerance. Together with genetic linkage and allelic association of IDE to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), these findings suggest that IDE hypofunction could mediate human disease. To date, no coding mutations have been found in the canonical isoform of IDE, suggesting that pathological mutations could exist in undiscovered exons or regulatory regions, including untranslated regions (UTRs). However, neither isoforms arising from alternative splicing nor the UTRs have been described. Here, we systematically characterize human IDE mRNAs, identify a novel splice form, and compare its subcellular distribution, kinetic properties, and ability to degrade Abeta to the known isoform. Six distinct human IDE transcripts were identified, with most of the variance attributable to alternative polyadenylation sites. In the novel spliceoform, an exon we designate "15b" replaces the canonical exon "15a", and the resultant variant is widely expressed. Subcellular fractionation, immunofluorescent confocal microscopy, and immunogold-electron microscopy reveal that the 15b-IDE protein occurs in both cytosol and mitochondria. Organelle targeting of both isoforms is determined by which of two translation start sites is used, and only those isoforms utilizing the second site regulate levels of secreted Abeta. 15b-IDE can exist as a heterodimer with the 15a isoform or as a homodimer. The apparent K(m) values of recombinant 15b-IDE for both insulin and Abeta are significantly higher and the k(cat) and catalytic efficiency markedly lower than those of 15a-IDE. In accord, cells coexpressing beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and 15b-IDE accumulated significantly more Abeta in their media than those expressing APP and 15a-IDE. Our results identify a novel, catalytically inefficient form of IDE expressed in brain and non-neural tissues and recommend novel regions of the IDE gene in which to search for mutations predisposing patients to AD and DM2.
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PMID:Alternative splicing of human insulin-degrading enzyme yields a novel isoform with a decreased ability to degrade insulin and amyloid beta-protein. 1585 Mar 85

Prevalence of the Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) has been rising in the whole word. It is assumed that before DM2 develops, patients undergo a stadium of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or they have impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG). The confirmed IFG or IGT represent strong predictors of DM2 manifestation and at the same time they are related with high cardiovascular risk, namely with IGT. Other significant risk factor (RF) of DM2 is the obesity and metabolic syndrome. Recent clinical studies have shown that some metabolic abnormalities, which precede development of DM2 can be positively influenced by the lifestyle changes, including improvement of the diet and increasing the physical activity. Such measures can prevent or at least to delay the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and thus the development of cardiovascular diseases. Positive effect has also the administration of some drugs, already tested in clinical studies, namely glitasons, metromin, inhibitor of ACE, sartans and other.
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PMID:[Contemporary prospects of prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus]. 1588 94


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