Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of ramipril (an angiotensin [AT]-converting enzyme inhibitor), telmisartan (an AT-II type 1 receptor blocker), or their combination on inflammation and lipid peroxidation was assessed in 37 patients with type 2 diabetes who were free of coronary artery disease. All regimens were associated with a significant reduction of C-reactive protein and oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol serum levels (p <0.001). These results further enlighten the mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular beneficial effect of renin-AT system inhibition.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of the effects of ramipril versus telmisartan in reducing serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 1590 53

Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic disease. Because serum markers of inflammation and the metabolic syndrome are also associated with atherosclerotic disease and insulin resistance, we investigated whether plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels were associated with serum markers of inflammation and factors of metabolic syndrome in 223 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The levels of plasma Hcy and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and C-peptide were measured. The C677T mutation of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene was detected using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The number of abnormal metabolic factors (presence of diabetes, blood pressure > or =130/85 mm Hg, triglycerides > or =150 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <35 mg/dL (men) or <39 mg/dL (women), or body mass index >25 kg/m 2 ) was assessed. Elevated plasma Hcy levels correlated significantly with serum IL-6 ( r = 0.25, P < .001), C-peptide ( r = 0.22, P < .01), and the number of abnormal metabolic factors ( r = 0.20, P < .01), but not with C-reactive protein. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that log-transformed IL-6, serum C-peptide, vitamin B12 , and creatinine were significant determinants of plasma Hcy levels. The correlation between Hcy and IL-6 levels was strongest in those with TT genotype of C677T MTHFR among 3 genotypes. The association between plasma Hcy and serum IL-6 levels supports the hypothesis that the activation of innate immunity is involved in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis in patients with diabetes mellitus who are homozygous for the TT genotype of C677T MTHFR.
 ...
PMID:Association of plasma homocysteine with serum interleukin-6 and C-peptide levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. 1593 19

Type 2 diabetes is frequently associated with an inflammatory status; the relationships between low-grade inflammation and diabetic nephropathy are still unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between acute-phase markers of inflammation, glomerular structure, and albumin excretion rate (AER) in type 2 diabetes. In 74 patients with type 2 diabetes (23 normoalbuminuric, 30 microalbuminuric, and 21 proteinuric) fibrinogen, serum amyloid A protein (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP), and IL-6 were determined. AER was measured on three 24-h urine collections; GFR was measured by 51Cr EDTA plasma clearance. A kidney biopsy was performed, and mesangial fractional volume [Vv(mes/glom)] and glomerular basement membrane (GBM) width were estimated by electron microscopic morphometric analysis. CRP, fibrinogen, SAA, and IL-6 differed among groups, with proteinuric patients having the highest levels. SAA and fibrinogen correlated with AER (P < 0.03 and P < 0.001, respectively). GBM width and Vv(mes/glom) increased from normoalbuminuric to proteinuric patients [P < 0.005 normoalbuminuric and microalbuminuric versus proteinuric for GBM, P < 0.01 normoalbuminuric versus proteinuric for Vv(mes/glom)]. In patients with increased GBM width (> 396 nm), CRP, SAA, and IL-6 were higher than in patients with normal GBM width (P < 0.003, P < 0.004, and P < 0.0004, respectively). GBM width was directly correlated with fibrinogen (r = 0.33, P < 0.002) and IL-6 (r = 0.25 P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that acute-phase markers of inflammation are associated with nephropathy status and GBM thickening, suggesting a role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic glomerulopathy.
 ...
PMID:Acute-phase markers of inflammation and glomerular structure in patients with type 2 diabetes. 1593 41

The role of resistin in human biology remains uncertain. We measured serum resistin levels in Japanese patients with (n=111) and without (n=98) type 2 diabetes mellitus and investigated the significance of this hormone in the pathophysiology of diabetes. The levels of serum adiponectin and leptin were also measured. Resistin levels were increased significantly in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with non-diabetic subjects (24.7+/-2.6 vs. 15.0+/-1.2 ng/ml, p=0.0013). However, there was no correlation in either patient group between serum resistin levels and markers of insulin resistance, obesity or hyperlipidaemia. These results were in direct contrast to the data of leptin or adiponectin, both of which were closely related to these clinical markers of diabetes. Multivariate regression analysis on the combined data of the two groups demonstrated that the presence of diabetes and HDL cholesterol levels were significant predictors of serum resistin levels (diabetes: beta=0.159, p=0.035; HDL: beta=-0.172, p=0.039). No correlation was observed between C-reactive protein and resistin adjusted for BMI. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that serum resistin levels are increased in patients with type 2 diabetes, but this increase is not linked to markers of insulin resistance or adiposity. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the significance of serum resistin concentration in human pathophysiology.
 ...
PMID:Increased serum resistin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes are not linked with markers of insulin resistance and adiposity. 1594 45

This study examined the independent and combined effects of diet and exercise on adipocytokine and inflammatory cytokines in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Using a randomized, controlled design, 33 women (age, 50-70 years) were assigned to diet alone (D), exercise alone (EX), or diet + exercise (D + E) for 14 weeks. Before and after the interventions, blood samples for adipocytokines and inflammatory markers were drawn, a meal test was performed, and abdominal fat distribution was measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Body weight decreased approximately 4.5 +/- 0.6 kg ( P < .05) after the D and D + E interventions, whereas only small changes in body weight were found with the exercise-alone intervention. Plasma C-reactive protein levels were decreased by approximately 15% with all 3 interventions, whereas leptin levels were reduced with the D and D + E intervention (D: pre = 48.7 +/- 6.0, post = 38.9 +/- 5.0 ng/mL; D + E: pre = 38.5 +/- 6.0, post = 22.9 +/- 5.0 ng/mL; P < .05) with no differences between groups. There was a trend for leptin levels to decrease in the EX group ( P = .06). Plasma resistin levels were not altered by the 3 interventions from pre- to posttreatment (D: pre = 6.9 +/- 0.6, post = 6.2 +/- 0.4 ng/mL; D + E: pre = 5.6 +/- 0.6, post = 5.7 +/- 0.4 ng/mL; E: pre = 6.2 +/- 0.6, post = 5.9 +/- 0.6 ng/mL, P > .05), and no differences in adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- alpha ) levels were found. Visceral adipose tissue and tumor necrosis factor alpha were the only predictors of calculated insulin resistance ( P < .05), explaining 43% of the variability. A typically prescribed weight loss program with lifestyle changes resulted in few changes in adipocytokines and inflammatory cytokines in older women with type 2 diabetes, suggesting that dramatic weight loss or clinical interventions are needed.
 ...
PMID:Effects of diet and/or exercise on the adipocytokine and inflammatory cytokine levels of postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. 1598 94

A low-grade systemic inflammation is concomitant in diabetes. There is a pathophysiological relation between gestational diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which was further supported by significantly elevated risk of type 2 diabetes in women with a history of previous gestational diabetes mellitus. We investigated the relation between low-grade systemic inflammation expressed as C-reactive protein and gestational diabetes in non-obese pregnant women. This study included 20 non-obese pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus and 30 non-obese pregnant women without gestational diabetes mellitus as a control group. The body mass index of all the subjects were < 25 kg/m2. During 26-28 gestational weeks 100-g oral glucose tolerance test was performed and simultaneously fasting C-reactive protein levels were measured. Serum median C-reactive protein level was higher in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (p = 0.0001). C-reactive protein was strongly associated with glycemic parameters and weight gain during pregnancy. A model consisting of glucose intolerance, age, parity, and weight gain during pregnancy accounted for 61% of the variance in log C-reactive protein. We demonstrated that serum C-reactive protein level was related with gestational diabetes mellitus and weight gain during pregnancy in late second and early third trimesters.
 ...
PMID:C-reactive protein levels in non-obese pregnant women with gestational diabetes. 1599 6

The high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is known to be a sensitive predictor of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes. This study evaluated the association between the serum hsCRP and the components of metabolic syndrome (MS) and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. Two hundred and sixty-nine patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled. All the subjects underwent measurement of MS and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). The serum hsCRP concentrations and the 24 h urine albumin excretion amounts were measured. Ophthalmoscope examinations and nerve conduction velocity tests were performed to evaluate microvascular complications. The hsCRP was significantly higher in the patients with MS than in those without (p=0.019). The serum hsCRP was significantly correlated with all the components of MS. There were no differences between the serum hsCRP levels of those with and without retinopathy and neuropathy. The serum hsCRP was correlated with the 24 h urine albumin excretion amount. Serum hsCRP level has a significant correlation with MS and might be used as the future criteria of MS. Among microvascular complications, only diabetic nephropathy is associated with the serum hsCRP level. It suggests that the inflammatory process plays a role in nephropathy in type 2 diabetes.
 ...
PMID:Relationship of serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein to metabolic syndrome and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. 1600 64

The metabolic syndrome represents a constellation of interrelated risk factors that identify individuals at increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular events. Currently, the major cardiovascular risk factors and validated risk-assessment tools do not adequately account for the increased cardiovascular risk that accompanies the metabolic syndrome. In prospective population studies, cardiovascular risk assessment in individuals with the metabolic syndrome is improved by measures of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle number, C-reactive protein, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels. Although adiponectin and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 may be more integrally involved in insulin resistance, the studies with these biomarkers are less extensive. Risk assessment models for patients with the metabolic syndrome should consider inclusion of LDL particle number, inflammatory markers, and levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
 ...
PMID:Assessing risk across the spectrum of patients with the metabolic syndrome. 1609 36

Elevated plasma IL-18 is present in several conditions sharing insulin-resistance as common trait, but the association with insulin-resistance per se is not established. Plasma/serum IL-6, IL-18, TNF-alpha, soluble TNF receptor II (sTNFR2), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in 97 patients with type 2 diabetes (DM) and 84 non-diabetic controls (CON). The association with insulin-resistance-estimated using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR)-was analyzed using multivariate linear and logistic regression. Compared to CON, DM demonstrated higher plasma levels of IL-18 (P = 0.001), IL-6 (P < 0.001), sTNFR2 (P = 0.005), and CRP (P < 0.001), while TNF-alpha was lower (P = 0.017). Plasma IL-18 increased across HOMA-IR quartiles in both DM and CON, both with and without adjustment for confounders (all P < 0.05). In contrast, neither IL-6, TNF-alpha, sTNFR2, nor CRP was associated with HOMA-IR in CON when adjusting for confounders. Accordingly, 50% increase of IL-18 corresponded to a marked increase of HOMA-IR in both DM and CON (DM: 26%, P = 0.014; CON: 25%, P = 0.003) after adjustment for confounders. Our results show that plasma IL-18 was associated with HOMA-IR independent of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
 ...
PMID:Elevated plasma interleukin-18 is a marker of insulin-resistance in type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic humans. 1611 17

The effect of low-dose atorvastatin on various biomarkers was investigated in patients with type 2 diabetes complicated by hyperlipidemia. At 0 and 12 weeks in both the atorvastatin group (10 mg/d; n=17) and the no-drug group (n=10), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, and fibrinogen were measured. At baseline, the entire group of diabetic patients (n=27) had significantly higher values of hsCRP and fibrinogen compared with those in age-matched healthy subjects (n=29): 0.801 (0.306, 1.760) vs 0.282 (0.143, 0.6505) mg/L, P=.0042; 329.1+/-55.0 vs 212.4+/-35.9 mg/dL, P<.0001, respectively. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein decreased significantly with atorvastatin treatment, from 0.801 (0.243, 1.865) to 0.308 (0.200, 0.804) mg/L (P=.0191). Although MCP-1, PAI-1, and fibrinogen did not decrease in the atorvastatin patients overall, the decrease of MCP-1 was significant in women (n=10; from 241.9+/-45.8 to 215.4+/-49.5 pg/mL, P=.0332). No correlation was found between changes in the serum lipid concentrations and changes in hsCRP, MCP-1, PAI-1, or fibrinogen in either the atorvastatin or the no-drug group. In conclusion, low-dose atorvastatin (10 mg/d) significantly decreased hsCRP in patients overall, and MCP-1 was also decreased in women. These findings suggest the possibility that atorvastatin provides an anti-inflammatory effect even at a low dose.
 ...
PMID:The effect of low-dose atorvastatin on circulating monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes complicated by hyperlipidemia. 1612 34


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10