Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

At the beginning of the 21st Century, obesity has become the leading metabolic disease in the World. So much so, that the World Health Organisation refers to obesity as the global epidemic. In fact, obesity is a common disease affecting not only affluent societies but also developing countries. Currently 300 million people can be considered as obese and, due to the rising trend in obesity prevalence, this figure could double by year 2025 if no action is taken against this threat. In terms of health impairment, the importance of obesity lies in the fact that, besides being a disease in itself, it is a risk for many other diseases, mainly from the metabolic and cardiovascular area. Among these, type 2 diabetes, dyslipemia, hyperuricemia, arterial hypertension and cardiovascular disease are the most frequent. Also, respiratory diseases such as obesity hypoventilation syndrome and obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome are strongly associated with obesity.
 ...
PMID:Obesity: epidemiology and clinical aspects. 1556 43

Hypertension is epidemic and currently affects 25% of the world's population and is a major cause of stroke, congestive heart failure, and end-stage renal disease. Interestingly, there is evidence that the increased frequency of hypertension is a recent event in human history and correlates with dietary changes associated with Westernization. In this article, we review the evidence that links uric acid to the cause and epidemiology of hypertension. Specifically, we review the evidence that the mutation of uricase that occurred in the Miocene that resulted in a higher serum uric acid in humans compared with most other mammals may have occurred as a means to increase blood pressure in early hominoids in response to a low-sodium and low-purine diet. We then review the evidence that the epidemic of hypertension that evolved with Westernization was associated with an increase in the intake of red meat with a marked increase in serum uric acid levels. Indeed, gout and hyperuricemia should be considered a part of the obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension epidemic that is occurring worldwide. Although other mechanisms certainly contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension, the possibility that serum uric acid level may have a major role is suggested by these studies.
 ...
PMID:Uric acid, evolution and primitive cultures. 1566 Mar 28

Socioeconomic status is associated with prevalence of and risk for atherosclerotic disease. We investigated the relationship between rank in the Self-Defense Forces (SDFs) and risk factors for atherosclerotic disease among middle-aged, male, SDFs personnel. Subjects were classified into five groups according to their ranks in the SDFs, i.e., class 1 (lowest, n = 289), class 2 (low, n = 170), class 3 (middle, n = 229), class 4 (high, n = 197), and class 5 (highest, n = 89). Low rank was associated with current cigarette smoking, alcohol abstaining, and poorer vegetable consumption. It was also associated with prevalence of type 2 diabetes, elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase activity, and high white blood cell counts. Prevalence of obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, or hyperuricemia was not associated with rank in this population. Rank may be regarded as one of the markers that reflect individual health states among middle-aged male personnel.
 ...
PMID:Rank in Self-Defense Forces and risk factors for atherosclerotic disease. 1643 51

It has long been recognized that arterial hypertension is often a part of a larger constellation of anthropometric and metabolic abnormalities that includes abdominal (or visceral) obesity, a characteristic dyslipidemia (low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high triglycerides), glucose intolerance, insulin-resistance and hyperuricemia. These traits occur simultaneously to a greater degree than would be expected by chance alone, supporting the existence of a discrete disorder that, over the years, has been defined by a variety of terms, including plurimetabolic syndrome, the deadly quartet, dysmetabolic syndrome, insulin resistance syndrome, cardiometabolic syndrome and more recently metabolic syndrome (MS). In last years some scientific organizations proposed working definitions for MS. Among these definitions, the one suggested by the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (NCEP-ATPIII) is the simplest and the most commonly applied. The MS is extremely common worldwide. This high prevalence is of considerable concern because accumulating evidences suggest that the MS, even without type 2 diabetes, carries an increased risk for cardiovascular and renal events. Recently it has been demonstrated that the adverse prognostic impact of MS may also be extended to hypertensive patients. Some recent studies reported an increased prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, early carotid atherosclerosis, impaired aortic distensibility, hypertensive retinopathy and microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients with MS when compared to those without it. The increased occurrence of these early signs of subclinical target organ damage, most of which are recognized as significant independent predictors of adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes, may partially explain the association of the MS with a higher cardiovascular and renal risk.
 ...
PMID:Metabolic syndrome in subjects with essential hypertension: relationships with subclinical cardiovascular and renal damage. 1677 51

Oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in the initiation and progression of obesity and diabetes mellitus. The aim of our study was to find out some markers of oxidative stress in twenty obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (group D) and twenty age-matched obese subjects (group O) and compare the results with the control values from twenty matched healthiy subjects (group H). Spectrophotometric methods were used. For the following plasma parameters: ceruloplasmin, d-ROM (determinable Reactive Oxygen Metabolites), alpha-dicarbonyls, the values were modified in the same way for the groups of patients versus healthy subjects. The patients had higher alpha-dicarbonyls levels than the controls (for D versus H, p<0.047 and for O versus H, p<0.043). There were not significant differences for plasma ceruloplasmin and d-ROM levels. Comparing group O versus D, all the above parameters had very close values. The antioxidant capacity (AC) was higher in group O versus group H (p<0.001) and higher in group O versus D (p<0.02). The high AC for obese patients may be due to hyperuricemia. A negative correlation between AC and d-ROM concentrations and a positive correlation between ceruloplasmin and AC levels was observed for group D. Our data underline that in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, the plasma markers of oxidative stress are modified in the same way. Oxidative stress may be a "connector" between these two diseases. Probably body fat reduction (for obese individuals) diminishes oxidant formation and, in its turn, the incidence of obesity related diseases, such as diabetes mellitus.
 ...
PMID:A comparative oxidative stress study--obesity with and without diabetes mellitus. 1681 85

Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of nephrolithiasis, specifically in the form of uric acid (UA) nephrolithiasis. Diabetic patients who produce uric stones exhibit a low urine pH, the key factor of UA crystallization. Production of such acidic urine appears to result from the insulin-resistant state characteristic of diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance is also involved in the pathogenesis of primary UA nephrolithiasis observed in overweight subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Therefore, UA nephrolithiasis should be considered a possible manifestation of insulin resistance, as it already is for hyperuricemia. Occurrence of UA stones in a patient, especially if overweight or hypertensive, should prompt a search for components of the metabolic syndrome in order to implement therapeutic intervention aimed at preventing the development of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic complications. Reciprocally, diabetologists should be aware of the risk of UA stones in their patients.
 ...
PMID:Diabetes and nephrolithiasis. 1825 8

Hyperuricemia has been reported to be associated with increased risk of renal insufficiency as well as cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between serum uric acid concentration and degree of urinary albumin excretion as well as markers of subclinical atherosclerosis in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Serum uric acid concentrations were measured in 343 men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We then evaluated relationships of serum uric acid concentrations to degree of urinary albumin excretion as well as to major cardiovascular risk factors, including age, blood pressure, serum lipid concentration, and glycemic control (hemoglobin A1c). The relationships between serum uric acid concentration and pulse wave velocity or ankle-brachial index (n=236) and between serum uric acid concentration and carotid intima-media thickness or plaque score (n=125) were investigated additionally in a subgroup of patients. Serum uric acid concentration correlated positively with logarithm of urinary albumin excretion (r=0.302, P<.0001). Positive correlation was found between serum uric acid concentration and intima-media thickness (r=0.233, P=.0087), whereas inverse correlation was found between serum uric acid concentration and ankle-brachial index (r=-0.150, P=.0207). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that serum uric acid concentration (beta=.281, P<.0001), duration of diabetes (beta=.253, P<.0001), hemoglobin A1c (beta=.166, P=.0034), serum triglyceride concentration (beta=.125, P=.0472), and systolic blood pressure (beta=.275, P=.0013) were independent determinants of logarithm of urinary albumin excretion. In conclusion, serum uric acid concentration is associated with microalbuminuria and subclinical atherosclerosis in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
 ...
PMID:Serum uric acid is associated with microalbuminuria and subclinical atherosclerosis in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 1844 24

Diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) is the most frequent cause of hospitalization of diabetic patients and one of the most economically demanding complications of diabetes. People with diabetes have been shown to have higher mortality than people without diabetes. On this basis, the aim of our study was to evaluate the possible role of diabetic foot as a cardiovascular risk marker in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We enrolled 102 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic foot and 123 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without limb lesions to compare the prevalence of main cardiovascular risk factors, subclinical cardiovascular disease, previous cardiovascular morbidity, and incidence of new vascular events on a 5-year follow-up. Diabetic patients with diabetic foot were more likely to have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperuricemia, and microalbuminuria or proteinuria, a higher prevalence of a previous cardiovascular morbidity (coronary artery disease, transient ischemic attack/ischemic stroke, diabetic retinopathy), and a higher prevalence of subclinical cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, diabetic patients with foot ulceration showed, on a 5-year follow-up, a higher incidence of new-onset vascular events (coronary artery disease, transient ischemic attack/ischemic stroke, diabetic retinopathy). At multivariate analysis, duration of diabetes, age, hemoglobin A1c, and DFS maintained a significant association with cardiovascular morbidity; but DFS presence showed the highest hazard ratio.
 ...
PMID:Cardiovascular risk profile and morbidity in subjects affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without diabetic foot. 1844 33

To investigate the relationship of micro-albuminuria with C-reactive protein (CRP) and hyperuricemia in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. All patients with type 2 diabetes, 40 years old and over were recruited consecutively from diabetic clinics at a medical center. Serum lipid, creatinine, uric acid, CRP, HbA(1C) and urinary albumin concentration were measured. A total of 515 patients, aged 60.3 +/- 10.7 years were recruited and the number (rate) of micro- and macro-albuminuria were 109 (21.2%) and 55 (10.7%). The prevalence of micro-albuminuria for the quartiles of CRP levels demonstrated a meaningful trend of increases between groups from 17.4, 21.1, 30.3, and 31.2% (P trend = 0.002). Besides, the median CRP concentrations was significantly higher in the patients with micro- and macro-albuminuria than those with non-albuminuria. Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that CRP was significantly associated with abnormal albuminuria (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.12-1.64, P = 0.002). After excluding those subjects with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotension II receptor blockers or/and statin usage, the observed relationship between serum CRP levels and albuminuria was still persistent (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.24-2.08, P < 0.001). In addition, hyperuricemia were significantly associated with abnormal albuminuria in the patients without diuretics, uricosuric agents or alcohol usage. Both serum CRP levels and hyperuricemia were significantly related to the presence of albuminuria in patients with diabetes. In addition, Chinese type 2 diabetic patients with serum CRP levels in the lower range as other ethnic groups can lead to the development of micro-albuminuria.
 ...
PMID:Association of C-reactive protein and hyperuricemia with diabetic nephropathy in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients. 1885 99

We evaluated possible interactions between BMI and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) concentration and their effects on the prevalence of poor glycemic control and common comorbidities of diabetes. We assessed whether the association of BMI with poor glycemic control, hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidemia (i.e., high triglycerides and/or low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol), hypercholesterolemia, and hyperuricemia differed according to serum GGT concentration in a cohort of 3,633 type 2 diabetic individuals. The associations of BMI with different outcome measures were significant, but the associations varied remarkably by GGT concentration. As GGT concentration increased, the association of BMI with atherogenic dyslipidemia and glycemic control strengthened (P = 0.01 and 0.004 for interactions, respectively); in contrast, the association of BMI with hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperuricemia did not change substantially across GGT quartiles. For example, within the lowest GGT quartile, BMI was not associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia or poor glycemic control, whereas in the highest GGT quartile, the prevalence rates ranged from 62.3 to 74.7% for dyslipidemia and from 75.3 to 83% for poor glycemic control. The results remained unchanged after adjustment for sex, age, alcohol consumption, diabetes duration, and diabetes treatment. In conclusion, our findings show that BMI was associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia and poor glycemic control only when serum GGT activity was in its high-normal range. These findings suggest that obesity itself may not be a sufficient risk factor for atherogenic dyslipidemia or poor glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes.
 ...
PMID:Relationship of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase to atherogenic dyslipidemia and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. 1905 28


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>