Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Monoclonal antibody therapies have conducted to not only hematologic malignancies but also disorders of hemostasis and coagulation. This article describes the recent advances of monoclonal antibody therapy for bleeding disorders such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP), hemophilia A, disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC), and thrombosis. Rituximab, chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody treatment has a valuable effect in the patients with ITP, and clinical trials using anti-CD40 ligand monoclonal antibody for ITP are underway. Anti-CD40 ligand monoclonal antibody can be an alternative therapy for hemophilia A patients with inhibitors to factor VIII. In thrombosis, anti-tissue factor monoclonal antibody and anti-factor IX(a) monoclonal antibody were established as novel anticoagulant regents. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) increases in endotoxin-induced DIC and many thrombotic diseases such as myocardial infarction, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. Anti-PAI-1 monoclonal antibody reduced fibrin deposition in DIC mouse model. Treatment of these monoclonal antibodies for the molecules regulating coagulation-fibrinolysis system may be utilized for acute coronary syndrome and venous thrombosis.
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PMID:[Monoclonal antibody therapy for disorders of hemostasis and coagulation]. 1190 68

Pneumococcal disease has substantial incidence, morbidity and mortality in older adults. Decreased birth rates and longer lifespans indicate that the global population is aging, although rates of aging differ between countries [1]. In 2010, the proportion of the population aged >60 years in the general Arab Region was 7%, and this proportion is expected to rise to 19% by 2050 for the region as a whole [2]; the United Nations estimates for the individual countries of the Arabian Gulf by 2050 are 25.7%, 24.9%, 20.7%, 26.7% and 10.5% in the Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Oman, respectively, which are comparable to the 26.9% predicted for the USA and lower than that predicted in European countries, in which the 2050 estimates are 32.7%, 34.0% and 38.1% for France, the UK and Germany, respectively [1]. Globally and in the Gulf Region, pneumococcal disease is an increasingly important public health burden in the elderly. The burden of pneumococcal disease can be reduced by effective vaccination programs, but the recommendations on pneumococcal vaccination in adults vary widely. The major barriers to vaccine implementation among healthcare professionals are an incomplete awareness of pneumococcal disease and the vaccination options in adults. The Gulf Advocate Group calls for healthcare providers in the countries of the Arabian Gulf (Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates and Oman) to support awareness and education programs about adult pneumococcal disease, particularly in high-risk groups such as those >65 years of age, those with type 2 diabetes mellitus, hematological malignancy, organ and bone marrow transplantation or chronic kidney or lung diseases and pilgrims undertaking the Hajj to improve pneumococcal disease surveillance and optimize and disseminate recommendations for adult vaccination. The Gulf Advocate Group recommends following the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for pneumococcal vaccination [3,4].
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PMID:Pneumococcal disease in the Arabian Gulf: recognizing the challenge and moving toward a solution. 2465 20

Metabolic syndrome constitutes a constellation of findings including central obesity, insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia and hypertension. Metabolic syndrome affects 1 in 4 adults in the United States and is rapidly rising in prevalence, largely driven by the dramatic rise in obesity and insulin resistance/DM. Being central to the development of metabolic syndrome and its other related diseases, much focus has been placed on identifying the mitogenic effects of obesity and insulin resistance/DM as mechanistic clues of the link between metabolic syndrome and cancer. Pertinent mechanisms identified include altered lipid signaling, adipokine and inflammatory cytokine effects, and activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MAPK/ERK pathways via dysregulated insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling. Through variable activation of these multiple pathways, obesity and insulin resistance/DM pre-dispose to hematologic malignancies, imposing the aggressive and chemo-resistant phenotypes typically seen in cancer patients with underlying metabolic syndrome. Growing understanding of these pathways has identified druggable cancer targets, rationalizing the development and testing of agents like PI3K inhibitor idelalisib, mTOR inhibitors everolimus and temsirolimus, and IGF-1 receptor inhibitor linsitinib. It has also led to exploration of obesity and diabetes-directed therapies including statins and oral hypoglycemic for the management of metabolic syndrome-related hematologic neoplasms.
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PMID:All in the family: Clueing into the link between metabolic syndrome and hematologic malignancies. 2543 71

The pathophysiology of urinary stone formation is complex, involving a combination of metabolic, genetic, and environmental factors. Over the past decades, remarkable advances have been emerged in the understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of calcium kidney calculi. For this review, both original and review articles were found via PubMed search on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of urinary calculi. These resources were integrated with the authors' knowledge of the field. Nephrolithiasis is suggested to be associated with systemic disorders, including chronic kidney insufficiency, hematologic malignancies, endocrine disorders, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, bone loss and fractures, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and vascular diseases like coronary heart diseases and most recently ischemic strokes. This is changing the perspective of nephrolithiasis from an isolated disorder to a systemic disease that justifies further research in understanding the underlying mechanisms and elaborating diagnostic-therapeutic options.
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PMID:Kidney Calculi: Pathophysiology and as a Systemic Disorder. 2857 78

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancer are correlated with changes in insulin signaling, a pathway that is frequently upregulated in neoplastic tissue but impaired in tissues that are classically targeted by insulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Many antidiabetes treatments, particularly metformin, enhance insulin signaling, but this pathway can be inhibited by specific cancer treatments. The modulation of cancer growth by metformin and of insulin sensitivity by anticancer drugs is so common that this phenomenon is being studied in hundreds of clinical trials on cancer. Many meta-analyses have consistently shown a moderate but direct effect of body mass index on the incidence of multiple myeloma and lymphoma and the elevated risk of leukemia in adults. Moreover, new epidemiological and preclinical studies indicate metformin as a therapeutic agent in patients with leukemia, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma. In this article, we review current findings on the anticancer activities of metformin and the underlying mechanisms from preclinical and ongoing studies in hematologic malignancies.
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PMID:Metformin and blood cancers. 3020 62

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a haematological malignancy arising from monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow, resulting in the presence of paraproteins or M-protein in serum. The involvement of paraproteins produced by malignant plasma cells in the development of hyperlipidaemia and low-HDL cholesterol has been described, as has an association with MM and obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and insulin resistance, that is, features of the metabolic syndrome (MS). There is an association between MS components, inflammatory cytokines, and the development of MM, and some drugs used in the treatment of MS such as statins and metformin may improve outcomes in MM.
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PMID:The Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Multiple Myeloma. 3240 5

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy with a poor prognosis while with a long and progressive outcome. To date, the therapeutic options are restricted to few drugs, including thalidomide or its derivates and autologous transplantation including stem-cell transplantation. More recently, the use of both proteasome inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies have been included in MM therapy, but the clinical results are still under evaluation. Unfortunately, death rates (within the 5-year overall survival rates) are still very high (45%), with no relevant improvement over the past 10 years. Here, we discuss data supporting a new therapeutic approach against MM, based on a common phenotype of tumor malignancies, which is the acidic microenvironment. Extracellular acidity drastically reduces the efficacy of both anti-tumor drugs and the immune reaction against tumors. Pre-clinical data have shown that anti-acidic drugs, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), have a potent cytotoxic effect against human MM cells, thus supporting their use in the treatment of this malignancy. Here, we discuss also similarities between MM and type II diabetes mellitus (DM) with high risk of developing MM, suggesting that both anti-diabetic drugs and a hypocaloric diet may help in curing MM patients.
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PMID:The Acidic Microenvironment: Is It a Phenotype of All Cancers? A Focus on Multiple Myeloma and Some Analogies with Diabetes Mellitus. 3314 95