Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is probably the most prevalent endocrinopathy in women and the most common cause of menstrual disturbances during the reproductive age. It is characterised by the presence of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound examination together with clinical and biochemical signs of hyperandrogenaemia. The majority of patients will seek medical advice because of menstrual disturbances, infertility or signs of hyperandrogeneamia (hirsutism, acne, alopecia). In obese patients the therapeutic mainstay is weight reduction. Anovulatory infertility is treated by stimulation of ovulation, laparoscopic electrocautery or IVF, while patients with menstrual disturbances without a wish to conceive should be treated with cyclic gestagen therapy or oral contraceptives in order to reduce the increased life-long risk of endometrial cancer. Additionally, hirsutism may be treated by epilation or antiandrogen therapy. PCOS is a common disease with an increased risk of NIDDM, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and endometrial cancer. Polycystic ovary syndrome is thus a disease which needs attention from the health system.
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PMID:[Polycystic ovary syndrome I. Clinical presentation and treatment]. 945 93

Treatment with insulin-sensitizing agents is a relatively recent therapeutic strategy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and insulin resistance. The key areas addressed in this review include PCOS and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes, as well as the use of insulin-sensitizing agents, particularly metformin, in the management of infertility in obese and non-obese PCOS women. Treatment with metformin in PCOS women undergoing IVF and the use of metformin during gestation will be discussed. The challenge for the health care professional should be the appropriate utilization of pharmacotherapies to improve insulin sensitivity and lower circulating insulin levels resulting in beneficial changes in PCOS phenotype. Further research into the potential role of other insulin-sensitizing agents, such as pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, in the treatment of infertile women with PCOS is needed.
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PMID:Insulin-sensitizing agents: use in pregnancy and as therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome. 1587 99

Obesity is associated with metabolic complications such as insulin-resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and polycystic ovary syndrome. Obesity adversely impacts fecundability and IVF outcomes through a variety of mechanisms, however even modest weight loss can improve situation. Pregnancy may be a significant health risk for morbidly obese women (BMI over 40 kg/m2) and fertility treatments are not recommended before weight loss. The fertile age of women is limited, therefore an efficient treatment of obesity should be chosen. For morbid obesity bariatric surgery combined with lifestyle changes is more efficient treatment than conservative treatment alone. Weight loss is associated with significant improvement in many parameters of reproductive function, chance to get pregnant improves and gestational risks decrease.
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PMID:[Bariatric surgery and reproductive health]. 2242 79

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder in women. The abnormalities of endocrine and intra-ovarian paracrine interactions may change the microenvironment for oocyte development during the folliculogenesis process and reduce the developmental competence of oocytes in PCOS patients who are suffering from anovulatory infertility and pregnancy loss. In this microenvironment, the cross talk between an oocyte and the surrounding cumulus cells (CCs) is critical for achieving oocyte competence. The aim of our study was to investigate the gene expression profiles of CCs obtained from PCOS patients undergoing IVF cycles in terms of oocyte maturation by using human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 microarrays. A total of 59 genes were differentially expressed in two CC groups. Most of these genes were identified to be involved in one or more of the following pathways: receptor interactions, calcium signaling, metabolism and biosynthesis, focal adhesion, melanogenesis, leukocyte transendothelial migration, Wnt signaling, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. According to the different expression levels in the microarrays and their putative functions, six differentially expressed genes (LHCGR, ANGPTL1, TNIK, GRIN2A, SFRP4, and SOCS3) were selected and analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The qRT-PCR results were consistent with the microarray data. Moreover, the molecular signatures (LHCGR, TNIK, and SOCS3) were associated with developmental potential from embryo to blastocyst stage and were proposed as biomarkers of embryo viability in PCOS patients. Our results may be clinically important as they offer a new potential strategy for competent oocyte/embryo selection in PCOS patients.
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PMID:Differences in the transcriptional profiles of human cumulus cells isolated from MI and MII oocytes of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. 2360 33

Introduction: This Experts' opinion provides an updated scientific support to gynecologists, obstetricians, endocrinologists, nutritionists, neurologists and general practitioners on the use of Inositols in the therapy of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and non-insulin dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).Areas covered: This paper summarizes the physiology of Myo-Inositol (MI) and D-Chiro-Inositol (DCI), two important molecules present in human organisms, and their therapeutic role, also for treating infertility. Some deep differences between the physiological functions of MI and DCI, as well as their safety and intestinal absorption are discussed. Updates include new evidence on the efficacy exerted in PCOS by the 40:1 MI/DCI ratio, and the innovative approach based on alpha-lactalbumin to overcome the decreased therapeutic efficacy of Inositols in some patients.Expert opinion: The evidence suggests that MI, alone or with DCI in the 40:1 ratio, offers a promising treatment for PCOS and NIDDM. However, additional studies need to evaluate some still unresolved issues, such as the best MI/DCI ratio for treating NIDDM, the potential cost-effectiveness of reduced gonadotropins administration in IVF due to MI treatment, or the benefit of MI supplementation in ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate in PCOS patients.
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PMID:Experts' opinion on inositols in treating polycystic ovary syndrome and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: a further help for human reproduction and beyond. 3212 11