Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We measured lumbar bone mineral density (L2-4 MBMD) in the postmenopausal elderly diabetic women and made comparisons with age-matched controls in terms of the age, body mass index (BMI) and % BMD of age-matched. In addition we evaluated the correlation between BMD and menarche age, menopause age, HbA1c, serum calcium, serum phosphate, serum alkaline phosphatase (S-Alp) and the ratio of urine calcium to urine creatinine (UCa/Cr). Moreover we divided non-insulin dependent diabetic patients (NIDDM) into two groups; the high BMD group and the low BMD group. Serum Alp and the ratio of UCa/Cr were compared in these two groups. The relationships between regimen of therapy and BMD were also analyzed in female NIDDM. There were no significant differences of BMD and background factors between controls and NIDDM. The ratio of UCa/Cr in the high BMD group were significantly less than that in low BMD group (p < 0.05). BMD in NIDDM with retinopathy was lower, but not significantly, than that in NIDDM without retinopathy. The methods of therapy for NIDDM such as diet alone, an oral hypoglycemic agent and insulin did not influence BMD in elderly postmenopausal diabetics. These results indicated that BMD in elderly postmenopausal diabetics are dependent on UCa/Cr and retinopathy.
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PMID:[Bone mineral density in postmenopausal elderly women with type 2 diabetes]. 859 32

Childhood obesity is prevalent and linked to the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and poor bone health. Some PUFA enhance bone mass and thus may improve bone health in obese children. The study objective was to determine the effects of dietary (n-6) compared with (n-3) essential PUFA and long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) on bone in an obese and insulin-resistant state. Male fa/fa (n = 48) and lean Zucker rats (n = 48) were fed diets containing safflower oil [SO, high (n-6) PUFA], flaxseed oil [FXO, high (n-3) PUFA], or menhaden oil [MO, high (n-3) LCPUFA] for 9 wk. Measurements included the following: femur bone area (BA), mineral content (BMC), density (BMD), morphometry and ex vivo release of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)); plasma osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen. Differences among groups were detected using 2-way ANOVA. Genotype effects in the fa/fa rats included lower femoral weight, length, BA, and BMC, as well as femoral head and proximal epiphysis widths compared with the lean rats, but BMD was not affected. Femur BA, BMC, and BMD did not differ among the dietary groups, but diaphysis width was elevated in the MO group and PGE(2) release was reduced by the FXO and MO diets. No genotype x diet interactions were observed. These data indicate that the fa/fa Zucker rat is at risk for low bone mass and that dietary (n-3) FA effectively reduce PGE(2) release. Whether reduced PGE(2) will support optimal peak bone mass during childhood and conserve bone mass with aging warrants investigation.
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PMID:(n-3) fatty acids reduce the release of prostaglandin E2 from bone but do not affect bone mass in obese (fa/fa) and lean Zucker rats. 1573 84

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) of the thoracic and lumbar spine measured by quantitative computed tomography (QCT) in 483 female (410 with DM2) and 398 male (365 with DM2) adults (age 36-86 years, BMI 16-58, 88% with DM2) in the Diabetes Heart Study. After accounting for familial correlation using generalized estimating equations (GEE), lumbar spine vBMD was positively associated with BMI (r = 0.24, P < 0.0001) and inversely associated with age (r = -0.51, P < 0.0001). In women, age-adjusted thoracic spinal vBMD (mg/ml, mean +/- SE) was higher in diabetics (147.6 +/- 2.3) compared to unaffected individuals (138.6 +/- 3.4) (P = 0.02), with age-adjusted lumbar spinal vBMD showing a similar but non-significant trend (132.9 +/- 2.1 in diabetics vs. 127.2 +/- 3.6 in unaffected individuals, P = 0.15). In contrast, in men, age-adjusted lumbar and thoracic vBMD were not different between diabetics and unaffected controls (lumbar vBMD = 125.0 +/- 1.8 in diabetics and 125.8 +/- 5.6 in unaffected individuals, P = 0.89; thoracic vBMD = 137.4 +/- 2.1 in diabetics vs. 134.2 +/- 5.5 in controls, P = 0.56). After multivariate analysis adjusting for age, sex, race, BMI, physical activity, dietary intake, smoking, and alcohol use, interaction between diabetes status and trabecular vBMD of the spine was no longer observed. In women only, age-adjusted areal BMD (determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)) of the spine and hip were significantly higher in diabetics than non-diabetic (all P < 0.05), although the differences disappeared after additional adjustment for BMI. These data suggest that areal BMD measured by DXA and trabecular volumetric BMD measured by QCT are not associated with type 2 diabetes independently from BMI.
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PMID:Type 2 diabetes is not independently associated with spinal trabecular volumetric bone mineral density measured by QCT in the Diabetes Heart Study. 1669 Mar 65

Demographic trends with longer life expectancy and a lifestyle characterized by low physical activity and high-energy food intake contribute to an increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis. Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for osteoporotic fractures. Patients with recent onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus may have impaired bone formation because of the absence of the anabolic effects of insulin and amylin, whereas in long-standing type 1 diabetes mellitus, vascular complications may account for low bone mass and increased fracture risk. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus display an increased fracture risk despite a higher BMD, which is mainly attributable to the increased risk of falling. Strategies to improve BMD and to prevent osteoporotic fractures in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus may include optimal glycemic control and aggressive prevention and treatment of vascular complications. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus may additionally benefit from early visual assessment, regular exercise to improve muscle strength and balance, and specific measures for preventing falls.
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PMID:Osteoporosis in patients with diabetes mellitus. 1750 67

Although the association between diabetes and osteoporosis has been studied, it remains unclear if the pathogenesis of vertebral fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes would be similar to those without diabetes. One hundred and fifty female diabetic patients without apparent proteinuria as well as 716 women without diabetes (control group) were examined by lateral thoracic and lumbar spine radiographs as well as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Vertebral fractures were found in 26 (17.3%) and 158 (22.1%) subjects in the diabetic and control groups, respectively. Diabetic patients had higher absolute and age-matched (Z score) values of lumbar bone mineral density (L-BMD) than controls despite their significantly higher mean age. By receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the absolute L-BMD values for detecting vertebral fractures were higher and sensitivity and specificity were lower in diabetic patients than controls (0.816 g/cm2 vs. 0.716 g/cm2 and 66.0% vs. 74.8%, respectively). Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, body weight, and height also showed that L-BMD was not significantly associated with the presence of vertebral fractures in diabetic patients (odds ratio [OR] = 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.34-1.09 per standard deviation increase, P = 0.0954), in contrast to the significant association in controls (OR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.16-0.33, P < 0.0001). These results show that L-BMD is not sensitive enough to assess the risk of vertebral fractures in female diabetic patients and suggest that bone fragility not defined by BMD might be related to the risk of vertebral fractures in them.
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PMID:Bone mineral density is not sensitive enough to assess the risk of vertebral fractures in type 2 diabetic women. 1754 36

Although patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have an increased risk of hip fracture, risk of vertebral fracture (VF) and its association with BMD are still unclear. We examined Japanese T2DM patients (161 men >50 yr and 137 postmenopausal women) and non-DM controls (76 and 622, respectively) by lateral spine radiography and DXA at the lumbar spine (L), femoral neck (FN), and radius (R). Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, body mass index, and L-BMD showed that the presence of T2DM was an independent risk factor for prevalent VFs in women (OR = 1.86, p = 0.019) and men (OR = 4.73, p < 0.001). BMD at any site, however, was not significantly associated with the presence of prevalent VFs in T2DM patients, in contrast to the significant association in controls (at least p = 0.010). Comparison of T2DM patients with and without VFs showed no significant differences in BMD values, bone markers, or diabetes status. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the absolute L-, FN-, and R-BMD values for detecting prevalent VFs were higher in T2DM patients than controls, whereas their sensitivity and specificity were lower. T2DM patients may have an increased risk of VFs independent of BMD or diabetic complication status, suggesting that bone quality may define bone fragility in T2DM.
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PMID:Diabetic patients have an increased risk of vertebral fractures independent of BMD or diabetic complications. 1904 38

As men age, testosterone levels decline, and decreased testosterone levels are associated with increased risks of osteoporosis, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus and mortality. Nevertheless, it is still uncertain whether reduced testosterone level is a cause of ill-health or a marker of pre-existing disease, as systemic illness lowers testosterone levels. Most circulating testosterone is bound to sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and albumin, whereas a small proportion circulates as free testosterone. Decreased SHBG level is associated with increased risks for insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, although it would also be expected to be associated with increased free testosterone level. During male aging, total and free testosterone levels fall while SHBG level rises. Thus, associations between decreasing androgens and negative health outcomes might differ across men of various ages. Trials of testosterone therapy report benefits for body composition and BMD, but there are limited data on the effect of testosterone supplementation on cardiovascular risk. Whereas men who have androgen deficiency should be considered for testosterone therapy, the role of testosterone supplementation in older men who are not clearly hypogonadal requires further clarification. Further studies are also needed to establish whether the age-related decline in circulating testosterone level in men can be modified or prevented.
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PMID:Testosterone and ill-health in aging men. 1916 23

The association of bone with the metabolic syndrome and its features, visceral fat accumulation or insulin resistance, remains unclear. We determined visceral and subcutaneous fat areas (V and S) by computed tomography on 187 men (28-83 years) and 125 postmenopausal women (46-82 years) with type 2 diabetes. Men whose V was 100 cm(2) or more had significantly lower urinary N-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type-I collagen (p=0.005), higher femoral neck bone mineral density (FN-BMD) (p=0.004), and lower prevalence of vertebral fractures (VFs) (p=0.04) than controls. Fat mass, V, S, and lean body mass positively correlated with FN-BMD in men and with lumbar (L) and FN-BMD in women. When adjusted for weight, these correlations became negative. Urinary C-peptide positively correlated with FN-BMD in both genders. Multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, height, weight, L-BMD, duration of diabetes, and diabetes therapies identified V in men and urinary C-peptide in women as factors inversely associated with the presence of VFs [odds ratio (OR)=0.61 per SD increase, p=0.04, and OR=0.32, p=0.01, respectively]. These findings suggest that, of the components of the metabolic syndrome, body fat in gravity and hyperinsulinemia could increase FN-BMD in diabetic subjects. Visceral fat in men and hyperinsulinemia in women may protect against VFs independent of weight, L-BMD, diabetes duration, or therapies.
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PMID:Associations between components of the metabolic syndrome versus bone mineral density and vertebral fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes. 1944 53

Inverse relationships have been observed between BMD and vascular calcification (VC), suggesting an underlying metabolic pathway linking these processes. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are potential candidate genes that may mediate this relationship. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the BMP2 gene, 2 SNPs in BMP4, and 16 SNPs in BMP7 were tested for association with measures of VC using CT (coronary and carotid arteries, abdominal aorta), and BMD was measured using DXA (lumbar spine, hip, and distal radius) and quantitative CT (QCT; thoracic and lumbar spine) in 920 European Americans from 374 Diabetes Heart Study families: 762 with type 2 diabetes. Variance components quantitative trait locus association analysis was computed using SOLAR software, and a bivariate principal component analysis (PCA) assessed for genetic relationships between BMD and VC. Association was observed between several measures of BMD and BMP7 rs17404303 (thoracic spine QCT p = 0.03; lumbar spine QCT p = 0.02; hip DXA p = 0.06, dominant models). In addition, 6 of 16 BMP7 SNPs showed significant and opposing effects on the bivariate PCA for VC and BMD (two-sided exact test, p = 0.0143). Polymorphisms in BMP7 are associated with inverse relationships between bone mineralization and VC in the coronary, carotid, and abdominal aorta in a diabetes-enriched cohort of European Americans.
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PMID:Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) gene polymorphisms are associated with inverse relationships between vascular calcification and BMD: the Diabetes Heart Study. 1945 55

We evaluated sex differences in the prospective association between adiponectin with BMD, bone loss, and fractures. Adiponectin, an adipose-derived protein with insulin-sensitizing properties, is also expressed in bone-forming cells. Conflicting results and sex differences in the adiponectin-BMD association have been reported in cross-sectional studies. Serum adiponectin was measured in fasting blood samples obtained in 1984-1987 in 447 postmenopausal women (mean age: 76 yr) and 484 men (mean age: 75 yr). Four years later, BMD was measured at the midshaft radius by single photon absorptiometry and at the femoral neck, total hip, and lumbar spine by DXA. In 1992-1996, axial BMD was remeasured in 261 women and 264 men. Multivariable analysis adjusted for age, weight, calcium intake, type 2 diabetes, alcohol intake, and exercise. Among women, adiponectin was inversely associated with BMD at the femoral neck (beta = -0.002, p = 0.007), total hip (beta = -0.002, p = 0.009), lumbar spine (beta = -0.003, p = 0.008), and midshaft radius (beta = -0.002, p = 0.01) after 4.4 yr and at the femoral neck and total hip 8.6 yr later. Among men, adiponectin was inversely associated with BMD at the femoral neck, (beta = -0.002, p = 0.03), total hip (beta = -0.004, p < 0.001), and midshaft radius (beta = -0.003, p < 0.001) after 4.4 yr and at the hip 8.6 yr later. Adiponectin was not associated with 4-yr bone loss in either sex but was associated with vertebral fractures (adjusted OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.08-1.23; p = 0.009) among men only. Adiponectin was inversely associated with BMD; however, sex differences were observed by anatomical site and with regards to vertebral fractures.
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PMID:Sex differences in the association between adiponectin and BMD, bone loss, and fractures: the Rancho Bernardo study. 1945 56


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