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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Diabetic gastroparesis corresponds to symptomatic as well as asymptomatic gastric retention without organic abnormality of stomach, pylorus or gut. This complication associated with autonomic neuropathy is found in about 50% of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It may be clinically important when it is associated with gastrointestinal symptoms limiting quality of life, alterations in glycaemic control and changes in oral drug absorption. In addition, acute changes in blood glucose concentration affect gastric motor function: gastric emptying is slowed down during hyperglycaemia and accelerated during hypoglycaemia. The diagnosis of gastroparesis may be confirmed by scintigraphy assessment of gastric emptying, preferably using a solid meal. Unfortunately, treatment options remain limited and often unsatisfactory. They first rely on life-style and dietary modifications. If necessary, pharmacological agents (metoclopramide, domperidone, cisapride, and erythromycin) may be considered. Cisapride is actually the most powerful agent for chronic use, but the risk of cardiac toxicity (increase of QT with "torsade de pointe") limits its general use. In some diabetic patients, gastroparesis may contribute to erratic glucose excursions, with precocious postprandial hypoglycaemia, late hyperglycaemia, and/or delayed recovery from hypoglycaemia after carbohydrate ingestion. Sometimes, the initiation of intensive insulin therapy and the use of prokinetic drugs could lead to significant improvement of blood glucose control in patients with diabetic gastroparesis.
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PMID:[Diabetic gastroparesis]. 1603 19

Gastroparesis, or chronic delayed gastric emptying without mechanical obstruction, affects about 40% of patients with type 1 diabetes and up to 30% of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetic gastroparesis (DGP) typically causes nausea, vomiting, early satiety, bloating, and postprandial fullness. These symptoms can be extremely troubling and result in poor quality of life. The diagnosis of DGP is made by documenting the presence of chronic upper gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, ruling out mechanical obstruction, and demonstrating delayed gastric emptying. The usual treatment for DGP includes dietary modifications, prokinetic agents, and antiemetic agents. Although the majority of patients have mild-to-moderate disease that can be managed using these measures, a substantial percentage of patients have severe DGP that is characterized by inadequate oral intake, malnutrition, weight loss, and frequent hospitalizations. Optimal management of these patients presents a difficult challenge for the clinician, although emerging treatment options, such as gastric neurostimulation, are encouraging. Patients with DGP often present with gastric comorbidities, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, intestinal dysmotility, and fungal and bacterial infections of the GI tract. This monograph will present an overview of the pathophysiology of DGP, review diagnostic testing with a discussion of emerging technology, and present the latest research in treatment options for DGP. In addition, management strategies for refractory DGP and gastric comorbidities will be described.
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PMID:Treatment of patients with diabetic gastroparesis. 2073 35

Diabetic gastroparesis is a disorder that occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It is associated with considerable morbidity among these patients and with the resultant economic burden on the health system. It is primarily a disease seen in middle-aged women, although the increased predisposition in women still remains unexplained. Patients often present with nausea, vomiting, bloating, early satiety and abdominal pain. The pathogenesis of this complex disorder is still not well understood but involves abnormalities in multiple interacting cell types including the extrinsic nervous system, enteric nervous system, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), smooth muscles and immune cells. The primary diagnostic test remains gastric scintigraphy, although other modalities such as breath test, capsule, ultrasound, MRI and single photon emission CT imaging show promise as alternative diagnostic modalities. The mainstay of treatment for diabetic gastroparesis has been antiemetics, prokinetics, nutritional support and pain control. In recent years, gastric stimulation has been used in refractory cases with nausea and vomiting. As we better understand the pathophysiology, newer treatment modalities are emerging with the aim of correcting the underlying defect. In this review, what has been learned about diabetic gastroparesis in the past 5 years is highlighted. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of diabetic gastroparesis are reviewed, focusing on the areas that are still controversial and those that require more studies. There is also a focus on advances in our understanding of the cellular changes that underlie development of diabetic gastroparesis, highlighting new opportunities for targeted treatment.
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PMID:Diabetic gastroparesis: what we have learned and had to unlearn in the past 5 years. 2087 Nov 31

Diabetic gastroparesis (DGP), or slow emptying of the stomach, is a well-established complication of diabetes mellitus and is typically considered to occur in individuals with long-standing type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical consequences of DGP include induction of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (early satiety, abdominal distension, reflux, stomach spasm, postprandial nausea, vomiting), alteration in drug absorption, and destabilization of glycemic control (due to mismatched postprandial glycemic and insulin peaks). Effective nutritional management not only helps in alleviating the symptoms, but also in facilitating better glycemic control. Although there have been no evidence-based guidelines pertaining to the nutrition care process of the DGP, the current dietary recommendations are based on expert opinions or observational studies. The dietary management of gastroparesis needs to be tailored according to the severity of malnutrition and kind of upper GI symptom by changing the volume, consistency, frequency, fiber, fat, and carbohydrates in the meal. Small frequent meals, using more liquid calories, reducing high fat or high fiber, consuming bezoar forming foods, and adjusting meal carbohydrates based on medications or insulin helps in improving the upper GI symptoms and glycemic control. Enteral nutrition can be an option for patients who fail to stabilize their weight loss, or for those who cannot gain weight with oral feedings, while total parenteral nutrition is rarely necessary for the patient with gastroparesis.
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PMID:Nutritional therapy for the management of diabetic gastroparesis: clinical review. 2305 57

This article is a comprehensive review of diabetic gastroparesis, defined as delayed or disordered gastric emptying, including basic principles and current trends in management. This review includes sections on anatomy and physiology, diagnosis and differential diagnosis as well as management and current guidelines for treatment of diabetic gastroparesis. Diabetic gastroparesis (DGp) is a component of autonomic neuropathy resulting from long-standing poorly controlled type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The diagnostic workup of DGp first excludes obstruction and other causes including medications that may mimic delayed/disordered gastric emptying. Targeting nutrition, hydration, symptomatic relief and glycemic control are mainstays of treatment for DGp. Additionally, optimal treatment of DGp includes good glycemic management, often involving customizing insulin delivery using basal-bolus insulin and technology, including sensor-augmented pumps and continuous glucose monitoring systems. Prokinetic medications may be helpful in DGp symptoms, although only limited number of medications is currently available in the USA. Selected medication-refractory patients with DGp may benefit from gastric neuromodulation, and some from surgical interventions including pyloric therapies that can also be done endoscopically. As is true of any of the diabetic complications, prevention of DGp by early and optimal glycemic control is more cost-effective.Funding: Hansa Medcell, India.
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PMID:Diabetic Gastroparesis: Principles and Current Trends in Management. 2993 58

Gastroparesis is defined as a delay in gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction in the stomach. Gastroparesis has a number of causes, including postsurgical, secondary to medications, postinfectious, idiopathic, and as a complication of diabetes mellitus, where it is underrecognized. The cardinal symptoms of diabetic gastroparesis are nausea, early satiety, bloating, and vomiting. Diabetic gastroparesis is more common in females and has a cumulative incidence of 5% in type 1 diabetes and 1% in type 2 diabetes. It is associated with a reduction in quality of life and exerts a significant burden on health care resources. The pathophysiology of this disorder is incompletely understood. Diagnosis is made based on typical symptoms associated with the demonstration of delayed gastric emptying in the absence of gastric outlet obstruction. Gastric emptying scintigraphy is the gold standard for demonstrating delayed gastric emptying, but other methods exist including breath testing and the wireless motility capsule. Diabetic gastroparesis should be managed within a specialist multidisciplinary team, and general aspects involve dietary manipulations/nutritional support, pharmacological therapy, and surgical/endoscopic interventions. Specific pharmacological therapies include prokinetics and antiemetics, with several new medications in the drug development pipeline. Surgical/endoscopic interventions include botulinum toxin injection into the pylorus, gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy and gastric electrical stimulation. This article provides a detailed review and summary of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, investigation, and management of diabetic gastroparesis, and also gives an individual patient's perspective of living with this disabling disorder.
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PMID:Diabetic Gastroparesis: Perspectives From a Patient and Health Care Providers. 3141 26