Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Nova ISE for IMg2+ was utilized to examine IMg2+ in plasma and serum of patients with a variety of pathophysiologic and disease syndromes (e.g., long-term renal transplants [LTRT], during and before cardiac surgery, migraine headaches, head trauma, pregnancy, chronic fatigue syndrome [CFS], non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus [NIDDM], asthma and after excessive dietary intake of Mg). The results indicate that LTRT treated with cyclosporin A, migraine, head trauma, pregnancy, NIDDM, diseased pregnant, and asthmatic patients all on the average, exhibit significant depression in IMg2+ but not total Mg (TMg). Patients with CFS failed to exhibit changes in serum IMg2+ or TMg levels. Increased dietary load of Mg, for only 6 days, resulted in significant elevations of serum IMg2+ but not TMg. Correlations between the clinical course of several of these syndromes and the fall in IMg2+ were found. The Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio appears to be an important guide for signs of peripheral vasoconstriction and or spasm and possibly enhanced atherogenesis. Overall, the data point to important uses for ISE's for IMg2+ in the diagnosis and treatment of disease states.
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PMID:Clinical studies with the NOVA ISE for IMg2+. 793 86

Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), a potent vasoactive and cardiotonic peptide, interacts with specific G-protein-coupled receptors. CGRP is synthesized and released from small, capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves. This extensive network of sensory nerves, found in virtually all organs, suggest a potential role for CGRP in diverse physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. The potent vasodilation elicited by CGRP in the cerebral, coronary, and peripheral vasculature has led to its therapeutic evaluation in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage, stable angina, and Raynaud's phenomenon. The potential inotropic action and coronary vasodilation have also led to a potential beneficial effect in congestive heart failure. The enriched localization of CGRP in trigeminal sensory ganglia may indicate a role in the neurogenic inflammation associated with migraine. Thus, CGRP antagonists may represent a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of migraine. In addition, CGRP and amylin (homologous pancreatic peptide) reduce the tissue--glucose response to insulin. It has been suggested that a CGRP antagonist may therefore improve insulin sensitivity in non-insulin-dependent diabetes, NIDDM. This brief review provides a preliminary exploration of the potential therapeutic opportunities surrounding CGRP and CGRP antagonists. Future advances are dependent on a better understanding of the structure and function of CGRP receptor(s) and the concomitant identification of selective and potent agonists and antagonists useful for addressing therapeutic hypotheses.
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PMID:Clinical perspectives of calcitonin gene related peptide pharmacology. 884 3

The aim of the study was to assess the frequency and nature of headaches in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM). The investigations included 154 patients with NIDDM, 90 females and 64 males aged between 30 to 65 years. Duration of diabetes varied from 6 months to 37 years. The control group comprised 106 persons. Of the 127 NIDDM patients complaining of headaches, 95 had migraine headaches and 32 tension-type headaches. In 50 patients the onset of migraine headaches occurred when the patients were afflicted with diabetes. In 45 patients migraine was diagnosed before they began to suffer from diabetes. In these patients the onset of diabetes significantly increased the average yearly number of headache days. In 21 patients tension-type headaches occurred in the course of diabetes. 11 patients had tension-type headaches before the onset of the disease. In these cases the onset of diabetes increased significantly the average yearly number of headache days. In the control group, migraine was diagnosed in 17 subjects and tension-type headaches in 28 subjects.
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PMID:Headaches in non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 950 95

Mitochondrial disorders are an uncommon, but important, cause of stroke-like clinical and imaging presentations in individuals under the age of 45 years. We present a 31-year-old man with a 4-year history of migraine-like headaches, type 2 diabetes mellitus, seizures, and hearing loss. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple hyperintensities on T2 and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences. An exhaustive work-up for vasculitis including brain biopsy was performed. Mitochondrial DNA testing revealed the A3243G substitution associated with the mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke syndrome. In this case review we briefly discuss the signs and symptoms, frequency, pathophysiology, and prognosis of this disorder.
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PMID:Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke (MELAS). 1640 Mar 2

Horizons in Medicine is a series produced annually by the Royal College of Physicians. Volume 19 is based on their Advanced Medicine Conference held in 2007 and offers updates on a wide range of topics in clinical medicine. This 'review of reviews' covers developments described in a selection of chapters. The chapters summarised include: Contemporary management of acute myocardial infarction; Imported infectious disease emergencies; New therapies in the management of type 2 diabetes; Stress and adrenal insufficiency; Making sense of a 'funny thyroid function test'; Myeloproliferative disorders: management and molecular pathogenesis; Drug allergies; Osteoporosis; Rheumatoid arthritis; Understanding migraine from bench to bedside.
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PMID:Aspects of general medicine. 1884 Sep 10

The advantages of blood pressure (BP) control on the risks of heart failure and stroke are well established. The renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in volume homeostasis and BP regulation and is a target for several groups of antihypertensive drugs. Angiotensin II receptor blockers represent a major class of antihypertensive compounds. Candesartan cilexetil is an angiotensin II type 1 (AT[1]) receptor antagonist (angiotensin receptor blocker [ARB]) that inhibits the actions of angiotensin II on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Oral candesartan 8-32 mg once daily is recommended for the treatment of adult patients with hypertension. Clinical trials have demonstrated that candesartan cilexetil is an effective agent in reducing the risk of cardiovascular mortality, stroke, heart failure, arterial stiffness, renal failure, retinopathy, and migraine in different populations of adult patients including patients with coexisting type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, or kidney impairment. Clinical evidence confirmed that candesartan cilexetil provides better antihypertensive efficacy than losartan and is at least as effective as telmisartan and valsartan. Candesartan cilexetil, one of the current market leaders in BP treatment, is a highly selective compound with high potency, a long duration of action, and a tolerability profile similar to placebo. The most important and recent data from clinical trials regarding candesartan cilexetil will be reviewed in this article.
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PMID:Differential clinical profile of candesartan compared to other angiotensin receptor blockers. 2224 49

In comparison with calcium, magnesium is an "orphan nutrient" that has been studied considerably less heavily. Low magnesium intakes and blood levels have been associated with type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, elevated C-reactive protein, hypertension, atherosclerotic vascular disease, sudden cardiac death, osteoporosis, migraine headache, asthma, and colon cancer. Almost half (48%) of the US population consumed less than the required amount of magnesium from food in 2005-2006, and the figure was down from 56% in 2001-2002. Surveys conducted over 30 years indicate rising calcium-to-magnesium food-intake ratios among adults and the elderly in the United States, excluding intake from supplements, which favor calcium over magnesium. The prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes in the United States increased sharply between 1994 and 2001 as the ratio of calcium-to-magnesium intake from food rose from <3.0 to >3.0. Dietary Reference Intakes determined by balance studies may be misleading if subjects have chronic latent magnesium deficiency but are assumed to be healthy. Cellular magnesium deficit, perhaps involving TRPM6/7 channels, elicits calcium-activated inflammatory cascades independent of injury or pathogens. Refining the magnesium requirements and understanding how low magnesium status and rising calcium-to-magnesium ratios influence the incidence of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, and other inflammation-related disorders are research priorities.
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PMID:Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States: are the health consequences underestimated? 2236 57

SULT1A enzymes protect humans from catecholamines, but natural substances in many foods have been found to inhibit these enzymes in vitro. Given the hormonal roles of catecholamines, any in vivo SULT1A inhibition could have serious consequences. This paper uses a re-analysis of published data to confirm that SULT1A inhibitors have effect in vivo in at least some patients. Nineteen studies are cited that show ingestion of SULT1A inhibitors leading to catecholamine increases, blood pressure changes, migraine headaches, or atrial fibrillation. SULT1A inhibition does not create the catecholamines, but prevents normal catecholamine deactivation. Susceptible patients probably have lower-activity SULT1A alleles. The paper discusses new hypotheses that SULT1A inhibition can cause "holiday heart" arrhythmias and type 2 diabetes in susceptible patients. Subgroup analysis based on SULT1A alleles, and addition of a catecholamine source, should improve the consistency of results from tests of SULT1A inhibitors. SULT1A inhibition may be a key contributor to cheese-induced migraines (via annatto), false positives in metanephrine testing, and the cardiovascular impacts of recreational alcohols.
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PMID:Toxicological effects of red wine, orange juice, and other dietary SULT1A inhibitors via excess catecholamines. 2243 84

Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral and the second most abundant intracellular divalent cation and has been recognized as a cofactor for >300 metabolic reactions in the body. Some of the processes in which magnesium is a cofactor include, but are not limited to, protein synthesis, cellular energy production and storage, reproduction, DNA and RNA synthesis, and stabilizing mitochondrial membranes. Magnesium also plays a critical role in nerve transmission, cardiac excitability, neuromuscular conduction, muscular contraction, vasomotor tone, blood pressure, and glucose and insulin metabolism. Because of magnesium's many functions within the body, it plays a major role in disease prevention and overall health. Low levels of magnesium have been associated with a number of chronic diseases including migraine headaches, Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular accident (stroke), hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Good food sources of magnesium include unrefined (whole) grains, spinach, nuts, legumes, and white potatoes (tubers). This review presents recent research in the areas of magnesium and chronic disease, with the goal of emphasizing magnesium's role in disease prevention and overall health.
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PMID:Magnesium in disease prevention and overall health. 2367 7

The secretin-like (class B) family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key players in hormonal homeostasis and are interesting drug targets for the treatment of several metabolic disorders (such as type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and obesity) and nervous system diseases (such as migraine, anxiety, and depression). The recently solved crystal structures of the transmembrane domains of the human glucagon receptor and human corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 have opened up new opportunities to study the structure and function of class B GPCRs. The current review shows how these structures offer more detailed explanations to previous biochemical and pharmacological studies of class B GPCRs, and provides new insights into their interactions with ligands.
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PMID:Insights into the structure of class B GPCRs. 2435 17


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