Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Previous studies have shown that the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of vascular disease in non-diabetic patients. The present study was conducted on 509 NIDDM patients who underwent a screening test to determine their ACE genotype for the Appropriate Blood Pressure Control in Diabetes (ABCD) Trial. Various baseline indices were correlated with the three ACE polymorphisms. The genotype was determined through polymerase chain reaction amplification of the angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphism. The univariate relationship between the presence of the DD genotype with nephropathy as measured by urinary albumin excretion (UAE), and a history coronary artery disease (CAD) was then examined. Finally, a multiple model for each UAE and CAD was created so as to determine the independent effects of the presence of the DD genotype on each diabetic complication. Univariately, the presence of the DD genotype was associated with diabetic nephropathy. Furthermore, in a multiple model predicting diabetic nephropathy, the presence of the DD genotype was independently associated with diabetic nephropathy (odds ratio = 2.8, 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 5.5) but not CAD. Thus, the ACE DD genotype in 509 non-Hispanic white NIDDM patients in a metropolitan area in the U.S. was independently associated with the presence of diabetic nephropathy and, therefore, may be potentially used as a marker for NIDDM patients at risk for developing diabetic nephropathy.
...
PMID:Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and its relationship with diabetic nephropathy. 926 4

To elucidate the relationship between hyperlipidemias and insulin resistance in the elderly, we conducted three studies: 1) determination of the prevalence of hyperlipidemias in elderly subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, 2) measurement of plasma glucose and insulin levels in patients with phyerlipidemias and atherosclerotic vascular disease, and 3) computation of correlation between levels of substances involved in coagulation and fibrinolysis (F-VII, F-X, and PAI-1) and levels of triglycerides and insulin in serum in hyperlipidemic patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease. The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was 4% in non-diabetic control subjects, 38% in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, 22% in those with diabetes, and 29% in those with both conditions. Levels of glucose and insulin in plasma were measured after oral intake of 75 g of glucose. The insulin response was greater in the group with hypertriglyceridemia than in the group with normal triglyceride levels, although the glucose responses did not differ between the groups. The activities and levels of F-VII, F-X, and PAI-1 correlated with triglycerides in serum and also with fasting insulin levels in hyperlipidemic patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease. We conclude that hypertriglyceridemia plays an important role in the development of atherothrombotic vascular disease; it accompanies elevation of coagulation and antifibrinolytic activities in elderly patients with insulin resistance.
...
PMID:[Insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia in the elderly]. 926 49

Several reports indicate higher endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels in patients with non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), although this finding has not been confirmed by other studies. The discrepancy may be partially explained by the frequent coexistence in NIDDM patients of other pathologies, such as essential hypertension, and by the presence of diabetic vascular complications or renal failure, able, per se, to increase ET-1 circulating levels. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of arterial hypertension and/or of diabetic angiopathy on ET-1 circulating levels in a group of NIDDM patients. We measured ET-1 plasma concentrations in three groups of subjects: a) 22 NIDDM patients with or without hypertension and with or without vascular complications; b) 11 hypertensive patients; c) 14 age-matched healthy volunteers. Plasma ET-1 concentrations were significantly higher in NIDDM patients with angiopathy (7.3 +/- 0.7 pg/ml, mean +/- Standard Error; p < 0.001) than diabetics without angiopathy (4.4 +/- 0.53 pg/ml), hypertensive patients (4.7 +/- 0.85 pg/ml) and healthy subjects (3.1 +/- 0.19 pg/ml). This report indicates that increased plasma ET-1 levels in NIDDM patients may be ascribed only to those with vascular compliances, while hypertension, per se, does not affect ET-1 plasma levels in these patients.
...
PMID:Vascular damage and not hypertension per se influences endothelin-1 plasma levels in patients with non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. 927 Feb 91

We analysed a well-characterized group of 83 patients (43 men, 40 women; mean age +/- SEM: 65.5 +/- 0.6 years at the 10-year examination) with non-insulin-dependent (Type 2) diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and in 123 control subjects (56 men, 67 women; mean age +/- 0.9 years) retrospectively for the relationship of apolipoprotein E (apo E) genotypes (E2/3, E3/3 vs E3/4, E4/4) to the incidence of clinical macrovascular disease and its risk factors and the incidence of microvascular complications of diabetes during the first 10 years of NIDDM, as well as carotid intima-media thickness measured by B-mode ultrasound at the 10-year examination. In patients with NIDDM, apo E4 genotype showed no relationship to clinical events or carotid intima-media thickness. However, in the control subjects with apo E4, the incidence of non-fatal myocardial infarction during the follow-up was increased (apo E4 positivity: 17.1%; apo E4 negativity 5.1%; p = 0.035) and they had higher common carotid intima-media thickness than those with apo E2/3 or apo E3/3 (1.15 +/- 0.05 mm vs 1.01 +/- 0.03 mm, p = 0.008). Apo E genotype groups showed no relationship to microvascular complications of diabetes, although control subjects with apo E4 positivity showed a higher frequency of microalbuminuria than those lacking apo E4. We conclude that apo E4 was a marker of vascular disease and increased atherosclerosis in non-diabetic subjects, whereas in the diabetic patients these relationships were absent. It is likely that NIDDM per se influences the vascular risk so overwhelmingly that the effects of other risk factors are obscured.
...
PMID:Divergent association of apolipoprotein E polymorphism with vascular disease in patients with NIDDM and control subjects. 930 Feb 24

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and profile of renal artery stenosis (RAS) in NIDDM population with severe hypertension. 60 consecutive NIDDM with severe HT (> or = 3 hypotensive drugs), 42 F/18 M (SR: 2.8), mean age: 66.6 +/- 6.5 years, diabetes duration: 14.1 +/- 6 years have had metabolic, ABPM and renal investigations: color duplex scan (CDS) (with renal us): n = 60, and/or arteriography: n = 17). 13 (21.5%) renal artery stenosis > or = 70%: 8 unilateral/5 bilateral were proved by arteriography. We compared classic HT (n = 47) versus renovascular HT (n = 13). There was no difference for age (years): 64.8 +/- 8 versus 70.6 +/- 6.4, HT duration (years): 11.6 +/- 6.8 versus 12.3 +/- 6. B.M.I.: 31.5 +/- 6 versus 27.6 +/- 3.3, HBA1C (%): 8.9 +/- 2.2 versus 8.8 +/- 0.9, cholesterol (mmol/L): 5.7 +/- 1.3 versus 5.5 +/- 0.6. Significant difference (p < 0.05) was noticed for S.R. (F/M): 2.9 versus 1.16, diabetes duration (years): 11.7 +/- 5 versus 16.5 +/- 8, frequency of retinopathy (%): 30 versus 61, smoking (%): 10 versus 40, triglycerides (mmol/L): 1.9 +/- 1.1 versus 2.6 +/- 1.1, and (p < 0.01) for blood pressure level (mmHg) (SBP: 142 +/- 20 vs 155 +/- 7, DBP: 81 +/- 13 vs 87 +/- 10, MBP: 103 +/- 16 vs 111 +/- 6), frequency (%) of HT escape (> or = 140/SBP, > or = 90/DBP) on ABPM: 40 versus 75 and 24 versus 40, insulin requirence (%): 36 versus 69, macroangiopathy (%): 51 versus 100 (coronaropathy: 34 vs 61, legs arteritis: 21 vs 69, carotid stenosis: 17 vs 30) and for renal function: frequency (%) of micro-macroalbuminuria: 36 versus 92 creatinaemia (mmol/L): 80 +/- 24 versus 124 +/- 44, creatinaemia clearance (mmL/min): 65 +/- 30 versus 40 +/- 12 while are found 5 renal insufficiencies (> or = 120 mmol/L). In NIDDM population with severe HT, renovascular HT is frequent (21.5%), and RAS must be evocated in unstable HT and/or renal injury with macro angiopathy, old NIDDM (> 15 years), requiring insulin. Colour duplex scan (+ renal US) mays lead to arteriography to confirm renal artery stenosis.
...
PMID:[Prevalence and profile of renovascular disease in type II diabetic patients with severe hypertension]. 940 9

The prevention of coronary artery disease is based on the control of several factors associated with a disease or clinical condition and suspected to play a pathogenetic role, defined as 'risk factors'. Smoking is a powerful risk factor for coronary artery disease, with risk of events increasing in relation to the number of cigarettes smoked daily. Smoking cessation is associated within 3-4 years, with a significant reduction in cardiovascular risk. Hyperlipidaemia is a powerful predictor of coronary disease with a strong, independent, continuous and graded positive association between cholesterol levels and risk of coronary events. Several large studies have shown the benefit of cholesterol reduction, and there is clear evidence of the efficacy of statins in the reduction of events in primary and secondary prevention. Hypertension is a significant, strong and independent risk factor for coronary artery disease morbidity and mortality and the reduction of events and mortality by antihypertensive treatment is well documented. Obesity is associated with an increase in all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality, with a particularly high risk for subjects with central obesity. Central obesity is also part of the so-called 'metabolic X syndrome' including insulin resistance, which appears to be associated with a particularly high risk of coronary artery disease. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, especially in women. Several studies have shown that good metabolic control and multifactorial risk factor reduction significantly lower the coronary risk in these patients. Recent evidence is accumulating that some clotting factors (fibrinogen, factor VII, von Willebrand factor) and fibrinolytic factors (t-PA and PAI-1) are associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease. The European Concerted Action on Thrombosis (ECAT) showed that the levels of fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor antigen, and t-PA antigen are independent predictors of subsequent coronary syndromes in patients with angina pectoris, and that low fibrinogen is associated with a low risk of events despite high cholesterol levels. Post-menopausal status is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease, particularly when menopause is premature (before the age of 45) or abrupt (surgical). There is strong, thought not yet completely definite evidence that post-menopausal hormone replacement therapy may significantly reduce the risk of events and improve survival. Hyperhomocysteinaemia is an emerging risk factor independently associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease, cerebral vascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease. The administration of vitamin B6, B12 or folate seems to be useful and is currently under further evaluation. Recently, attention has been focused on the correlation between coronary artery disease and genetic factors, such as ACE gene polymorphism or the gene polymorphism for the IIIa-moiety of the platelet fibrinogen receptor IIb-IIIa. In primary prevention, control of the major risk factors mainly in patients with clustered factors will substantially reduce the risk of ischaemic events. Secondary prevention of CHD is based on: aggressive behavioural advice, blood pressure reduction in hypertensives, good metabolic control of diabetes, and cholesterol reduction. Aspirin, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and oral anticoagulants, may be useful in selected patients.
...
PMID:Classical risk factors and emerging elements in the risk profile for coronary artery disease. 951 44

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis in humans. The development of an animal model that displays accelerated atherosclerosis associated with NIDDM will aid in elucidating the mechanisms that associate these disorders. C57BL/6 mice may provide such a model system. This strain becomes obese, hyperglycemic and insulin resistant when fed a high fat diet (diabetogenic diet) and is susceptible to atherosclerotic lesion development when fed a separate high fat diet containing cholesterol and bile acids (atherogenic diet). This report tests whether a diet commonly used to induce atherosclerosis also provokes a diabetic phenotype and whether a diet used to induce diabetes provokes the development of aortic fatty streak lesions. Mice of strains C57BL/6, C3H/He, BALB/c and seven recombinant inbred (RI) strains were fed an atherogenic diet for 14 weeks and glucose parameters were measured. No correlation was observed between atherosclerosis susceptibility and fasting insulin or glucose levels, or glucose clearance following short-term insulin or glucose treatment. Analysis of the RI strains suggested that multiple genes control these glucose metabolic parameters. Feeding the diabetogenic diet for 14 weeks to C57BL/6 mice induced obesity and diabetes and 2-fold increases in plasma lipoprotein concentrations. Also, small aortic sinus lipid deposits were observed in 40% of the mice. Thus, analysis of the diabetogenic diet fed C57BL/6 mouse may provide an important tool for further studies of diabetes accelerated vascular disease.
...
PMID:C57BL/6 mice fed high fat diets as models for diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis. 954 27

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) affects approximately 12 million people in the United States. NIDDM is frequently found to coexist with other conditions, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, atherosclerotic vascular disease, and hypertension, which contribute to morbidity and mortality. Although the major clinical objective in the management of NIDDM is to control hyperglycemia, the long-term objective is to prevent microvascular and macrovascular complications. Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death in NIDDM patients. Although hyperglycemia may be adequately controlled, risk factors for coronary heart disease may remain unchanged. Treatment with metformin controls hyperglycemia and may have positive effects on cardiovascular risk factors. When used alone or in combination with sulfonylureas, metformin tends to stabilize or decrease weight, maintains or reduces insulin levels, has beneficial effects on plasma lipid profiles, and may also have beneficial effects on blood pressure and the fibrinolytic system.
...
PMID:Metformin: effects on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 955 89

Recent studies in Europe, North America, and the developing world have shown that low birth weight and other indices of abnormal fetal growth in babies born at term are linked with a higher prevalence of glucose intolerance and NIDDM in adult life. Reduced fetal growth is also associated with a higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (in particular, hypertension and vascular disease) and with insulin resistance in adult life. Because birth size is determined largely by nongenetic factors, these findings have led to the "fetal origins" hypothesis, which proposes that fetal adaptations to an adverse intrauterine environment that reduces fetal growth program lifelong physiological changes. These changes in turn predispose to diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. The mechanisms are unknown, but evidence from animal studies and preliminary human evidence suggests that adverse events in early life may influence the neuroendocrine development of the fetus. This results in long-term alterations in the setpoint of several major hormonal axes, including an increase in adrenal glucocorticoid secretion. These hormonal alterations may contribute to the predisposition to diabetes and the metabolic syndrome in people who were small at birth.
...
PMID:Birth weight and the future development of diabetes. A review of the evidence. 970 43

Vascular complications are the main cause of morbidity in diabetes mellitus. However, the risk factors for vascular disease remain incompletely elucidated. It has been previously suggested that factors other than glycemia may contribute to the development of vasculopathy. In this study we determined the prevalence of phospholipid-binding antibodies in uncomplicated and complicated diabetes. We studied 53 uncomplicated diabetic patients, with type 1 (n = 32) or type 2 (n = 21) diabetes; 23 diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy; 28 diabetic patients with an overt nephropathy; 37 diabetic patients with macroangiopathy and 22 non diabetic control patients. Both lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies were determined. Other risk factors for macroangiopathy were analysed. The prevalence of phospholipid-binding antibodies was similar in uncomplicated diabetic patients and in controls (type 1 diabetes: 9.4%; type 2 diabetes: 9.5%; control group: 4.6%; P= 0.76). In complicated diabetes, the frequency of these antibodies was increased only in patients with overt nephropathy (32.1%, P=0.01) or with macroangiopathy (32.4%, P=0.01) while patients with isolated retinopathy were comparable with uncomplicated diabetic patients (4.3%, P= 0.66). Uncomplicated diabetes was not associated with phospholipid-binding antibodies. We found a higher prevalence of these antibodies in diabetic patients with macroangiopathy or nephropathy. These results suggest a potential role of phospholipid-binding antibodies in the progression of vascular complications in diabetes mellitus.
...
PMID:Vascular complications of diabetes mellitus: what role for phospholipid-binding antibodies? 979 49


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>

---