Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to identify previously undiagnosed cases of non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM) in general practice, we measured non-fasting blood-glucose in all risk patients (n = 1,790) between 35-69 years old belonging to 29 general practices in Kolding. Patients at risk for NIDDM were defined as those suffering from one or more of the following: overweight, arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, hyperlipidaemia, stroke, gout, cataract, Dupuytren's contracture, peripheral atherosclerosis or recurrent urinary- or skin-infections. A positive result, defined as a non-fasting blood-glucose of > or = 8.0 mmol/l using the same stix-lot-nr. on Refloflux S machines, was found in 86 individuals. These were then followed up with two fasting blood-glucose measurements carried out in a central laboratory, whereby 34 patients with NIDDM were identified. The newly-diagnosed NIDDM patients mostly suffered from diseases related to the insulin resistance syndrome, and we thus recommend measurement of non-fasting blood-glucose as a screening procedure in such patients. When carrying out measurements in general practice, it is important to know the precision and accuracy of the apparatus used.
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PMID:[Selective screening for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A study among 35-69 year-old patients at risk in general practice in Kolding]. 801 51

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) has a strong genetic component and maternal factors have recently been implicated in disease inheritance. The mitochondrial myopathies are a group of diseases which often show maternal inheritance as a result of mtDNA defects; some patients have impaired glucose tolerance. Occasional families with maternally inherited diabetes and deafness associated with a deletion or point mutation of mtDNA have been reported. To assess the importance of mitochondrial gene defects in NIDDM, 150 unrelated diabetic subjects from Wales, UK and 68 unrelated patients with diabetes and at least one affected sibling from England, UK were studied. Southern blot analysis did not show any large mtDNA deletions or duplications. One patient had a mutation in the mitochondrial tRNAleu(UUR) gene at bp 3243. This mutation is commonly associated with the syndrome of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke like episodes (MELAS). Study of this patient and his siblings showed a distinct form of late-onset diabetes associated with nerve deafness but no clinical features of the MELAS syndrome. No diabetic subject was shown to have the mtDNA mutation at position 8344 (tRNA(lys)) which has previously been described in the syndrome of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy and red-ragged fibres (MERRF). The role of other mitochondrial gene defects in diabetes and the pathophysiological basis of glucose intolerance in patients with the MELAS mutation requires further elucidation.
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PMID:Mitochondrial gene defects in patients with NIDDM. 926 98

The prevalence of hypertension in diabetes is significantly higher than in non-diabetics, perhaps twice as common. The excess is related to diabetic nephropathy, mainly in type 1 diabetes, to obesity, mainly in type 2 diabetes, but also to increased sympathetic activity. Furthermore, the increased prevalence of hypertension may relate to insulin resistance and its sequelae. Insulin resistance leads to hyperinsulinemia, relates to increased LDL and reduced HDL levels, causes the development of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes and might also be causally related to the onset of hypertension. Syndrome X has relevant therapeutic implications in the management of hypertension. Hypertension is a major risk factor for large vessel disease in diabetics and also a risk factor for microangiopathy, particularly nephropathy. The incidence of atherosclerotic disease is dramatically increased in both type 1 and type 2 diabetics and is the major cause of morbidity and premature death mainly in patients with raised urinary albumin excretion. Thus, diabetics show a two-fold increased risk of coronary heart disease, 2-6 fold increased risk of stroke and a several-fold increased risk of peripheral vessel disease. Some evidence suggests that hypertension may be a risk factor for retinopathy, particularly its progression, but surely hypertension is a significant risk factor for nephropathy, accelerating its progression and perhaps even causing the onset of the glomerulopathy. The mechanisms by which hypertension might contribute to the evolution of both large vessel as well as small vessel disease is still unknown, although increased capillary leakage and vascular endothelium alterations might be important factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Hypertension and diabetes]. 856 58

We propose the term Profactor-H for chronic elevated circulating insulin. Profactor-H is common in atherosclerosis, essential hypertension, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, some forms of obesity, some forms of cancer, cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease and some forms of stroke. Profactor-H appears to be the central pathophysiologic consideration in the etiology of many diseases and health risk factors. Profactor-H's impact depends on genetic predisposition, frequency consumption of refined simple and complex carbohydrates, deficiency in dietary chromium, sedentary life style and stresses of modern day living. In many obese individuals, Profactor-H disturbs metabolic balance, favoring anabolic metabolism, and is exacerbated through chronic insulin production and impairment of insulin action. This vicious cycle also appears to be common in many apparently healthy, non-obese individuals destined to develop health risks and diseases in response to long-term adverse consequences of Profactor-H. We believe that a four-pronged program which 1) reduces the daily frequency of carbohydrate consumption, particularly refined foods and simple sugars, 2) supplements the daily dietary intake of chromium, 3) encourages activity, and 4) reduces stress, will minimize the impact of Profactor-H and thereby reduce health risks and result in improved health.
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PMID:Profactor-H (elevated circulating insulin): the link to health risk factors and diseases of civilization. 857 92

High blood pressure, one of the most common chronic diseases in industrialized societies, is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease, heart failure, renal disease and stroke. Data from both epidemiologic surveys and clinical trials have shown that calcium metabolism is altered in persons with hypertension, indicating a primary role of calcium in the etiology, prevention, and treatment of hypertension. Investigative efforts throughout the world have identified abnormalities in a number of biochemical parameters of calcium metabolism and a consistently low intake of dietary calcium in persons with high blood pressure. Calcium supplementation trials have reported varying results in terms blood pressure response, and it is generally concluded that many hypertensive patients may benefit from increased calcium intake. The blood pressure-lowering effect of calcium may be of particular benefit to the elderly, people of African origin, and pregnant women. Interactions between dietary nutrients have been shown to be critical in the effect of calcium on blood pressure, particularly sodium and potassium. Finally, based on the body of data that has accumulated in this area, calcium intake is postulated to have clinical application in the treatment of sodium-sensitive, alcohol-associated, and pregnancy-induced hypertension, and type II diabetes mellitus; and adequate, long-term calcium intake may be a means of preventing the development of hypertension.
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PMID:Calcium metabolism in hypertension. 858 22

To elucidate the effect of glucose intolerance on cardiovascular disease in the current Japanese population, we performed a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test in 2,427 Hisayama residents aged 40-79 years in 1988, who were free from a previous history of stroke or myocardial infarction, and followed them prospectively for 5 years. The prevalence of diabetes (NIDDM) among men was 13% and that of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was 20%; the corresponding values for women were 9 and 19%, respectively. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence of cerebral infarction (6.5 per 1,000 person-years, P < 0.01) and coronary heart disease (5.0 per 1,000 person-years, P < 0.05) was significantly higher in subjects with NIDDM than in those with normal glucose tolerance (1.9 and 1.6 per 1,000 person-years, respectively). In addition, subjects with IGT and NIDDM had a higher risk of cardiovascular disease including stroke and coronary heart disease than did those with normal glucose tolerance after adjustment for age and sex, namely the relative risk for IGT was 1.9 (95% CI 1.2-3.2), and the relative risk for NIDDM was 3.0 (95% CI 1.8-5.2). These associations remained significant even after controlling for six other risk factors including hypertension in multivariate analysis. Our data suggest that NIDDM is a significant risk factor for both cerebral infarction and coronary heart disease and also that IGT itself is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in the general Japanese population today.
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PMID:Diabetes and cardiovascular disease in a prospective population survey in Japan: The Hisayama Study. 867 81

We describe a family with two cases of adult-onset mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome. Interestingly, the proband also had non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and hyperthyroidism. Endocrinological studies demonstrated a high titer of TSH receptor antibody in the proband and elevated levels in her maternal relatives. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) showed an A-to-G transition at nucleotide position 3243 in the tRNA (Leu(UUR)) gene (A3243G) in the three generations of the family. Furthermore, a previously described -260 bp tandem duplication in the D-loop region of mtDNA was also found in the proband and her maternal relatives. To our knowledge, such kind of duplication has never before been reported in the MELAS syndrome. The proportions of mtDNA with the -260 bp tandem duplication and A3243G point mutation were 12.5% and 82% in the muscle, respectively, and 1.6% and 35% in the blood cells, respectively, of the proband. We conclude that the hyperthyroidism in this MELAS patient may be related to the tandem duplication in the D-loop of mtDNA. This study further substantiates the importance of searching for additional genetic mutations in mitochondrial encephalomyopathic patients with new clinical phenotypes.
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PMID:MELAS syndrome associated with a tandem duplication in the D-loop of mitochondrial DNA. 883 8

Nutrition and food science have each enhanced the development of an abundant, nutritious, safe food supply. A healthy diet should contain all of the required nutrients and sufficient calories to balance energy expenditure and provide for growth and maintenance throughout the life cycle. Importantly, dietary factors are associated with 5 of the 10 leading causes of death, including coronary heart disease, certain types of cancer, stroke, noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. National health care expenditures for 1990 totaled $666 billion of which 30% are related to inappropriate diet. Identification of external factors that contribute to premature death would aid preventive efforts, improve the quality of life, and reduce health care costs. Even though genetic predisposition increases susceptible people's risk for many of these chronic diseases, these conditions may be diminished or prevented by improvements in the American diet. Each stage of the life cycle has specific nutrient needs. Throughout infancy, childhood and adolescence nutrients are required to meet the growth processes as well as cognitive function. During pregnancy nutrients are required for both mother and developing infant needs. Adult nutrition focuses on tissue maintenance, nutrient and energy needs, and disease prevention. As the population of elderly increase in number and greater age, nutritional needs must be met to minimize certain disease states and assure the quality of life. Nutrition associated health risks have been identified for coronary heart disease, cancer and diabetes mellitus. Recommendations for each includes a decrease in dietary fat, awareness of caloric intake and enhancement of nutrient density including an increase in fruit and vegetables. These recommendations also impact obesity and diminish the compounding of other disease states affected by excessive body weight. Calcium intake at early ages affects development of bone density and manifestation of osteoporosis. Current gaps in knowledge are also identified that could improve health. Numerous nutrients are being examined for their regulation of specific gene expressions and in the processes of transcription and translation. To offer food products with greater nutrient density or improved functional health ingredients, modification of existing foods is needed to assure an improved diet. Policies to improve health require integration of nutrition needs with economic growth and development, agriculture and food production, processing, marketing, health care and education, and includes changing life styles and food choices. Increased research support is required to achieve national health goals with emphasis on nutrition and food sciences. Education methods must be improved to better inform consumers, to encourage food producers and manufactures to produce healthier foods, to assure training of future professionals and to provide legislators with the basis to make informed decisions. Recommendations to CFERR are identified. Improved quality and availability of nutritious foods will result in a healthier, more productive population. A decrease in the occurrence and duration of chronic disease should diminish the cost of health care and allow these resources to further benefit the nation. International concerns about undernutrition include 780 million people who are malnourished, lacking sufficient food to meet their basic nutritional needs for protein and energy, and 2 billion people who subsist on diets lacking essential nutrients needed for growth, development and physiological maintenance. National concerns about undernutrition exist based on incomplete data identified by indices of hunger and characterized by an increased demand for food assistance for women, children and the elderly. Major health problems in the US impacted by diet and nutrition include coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, some types of cancer, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, hypert
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PMID:Interrelationships of food, nutrition, diet and health: the National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges White Paper. 889 67

To elucidate the prevalence and relevant factors of glucose intolerance and its effect on the development of cardiovascular disease in the current general Japanese population, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of glucose intolerance by a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test in 2,490 subjects aged 40-79 years old selected from a Japanese community, Hisayama, in 1988, and followed them for 5 years. The prevalence of diabetes (NIDDM) was 13% for men and 9% for women, and that of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was 20% and 19%, respectively. Both IGT and NIDDM were significantly associated with factors related to insulin resistance including the sum of insulin concentrations. In addition, subjects with IGT and NIDDM had a significantly higher risk of occurrence of cardiovascular disease (stroke and coronary heart disease) than did those with normal glucose tolerance.
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PMID:[Prospective population survey of IGT in a Japanese community, Hisayama]. 891 40

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) increases the risk for all manifestations of atherosclerotic vascular disease, coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease. Only a small proportion of this excess risk can be explained by the effects of conventional cardiovascular risk factors, which implies that the diabetic state or factors related to it have to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of macrovascular disease in NIDDM. Six recent prospective population-based studies including a large number of NIDDM patients have indicated that poor glycaemic control evaluated by fasting hyperglycaemia or glycosylated haemoglobin levels increases the risk for CHD, stroke and amputation independently of other risk factors. A dose-response relationship between markers of glycaemic control and the incidence of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity has been demonstrated in all these studies. However, there is so far no direct proof that strict glycaemic control would delay or prevent atherosclerotic complications.
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PMID:Epidemiological evidence for the association of hyperglycaemia and atherosclerotic vascular disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 894 72


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