Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Obesity is defined as increased body weight caused by excessive accumulation of fat. Due to a very long period of undernutrition in human history, the contemporary human body regulation mechanisms seem to be biased in favor of preserving fat rather to eliminate it. At the highest risk are populations that suddenly gained wealth. The shift from undernutrition to overnutrition has occurred in a very short time, in many population groups in less than in one generation. The increase of obesity prevalence observed in the 20th century continues until present and it appears this trend will further continue in almost all countries in the world. Contemporary prevalence of adult obesity is very high in USA (33% in both gender), in oil-rich Arabian countries (30% in males, 40 % in females) and in European Union (up to 25% in both gender). The aim of contemporary research is to understand the molecular and neural systems which the body uses to regulate its storage of energy in the form of fat and how these systems can become unbalanced, leading to obesity. In spite of discovery of new hormones (e.g. leptin produced in adipose tissue) and of new mechanisms, the prevention and treatment of obesity remains an open problem. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of numerous comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and osteoarthritis. In USA the impact of obesity on mortality may have decreased over time, perhaps because of improvements in public health and medical care. New data from USA and China suggest the lowest all-cause mortality in persons with a body mass index, BMI between 23.0 and 27.0 (Fig. 6, Tab. 1, Ref. 29). Full Text (Free, PDF) www.bmj.sk.
 ...
PMID:Adult obesity at the beginning of the 21st century: epidemiology, pathophysiology and health risk. 1863 Aug 7

Obesity is one of the most common physical health problems among patients with severe and persistent mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia. Multifactorial in origin, obesity can be attributed to an unhealthy lifestyle as well as the effects of psychotropic medications such as second-generation antipsychotics. Excess body weight increases the risk for many medical problems, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, osteoarthritis, hypertension, and gallbladder disease. A PubMed search revealed 403 English-language citations to the query "schizophrenia" AND "obesity" and 469 citations to the query "obesity" AND "antipsychotics." The evidence is that different antipsychotics have different propensities for weight gain, and that children, adolescents, and fi rst-episode patients are at higher risk for weight gain associated with antipsychotic treatment. Monitoring body weight early in treatment will help predict those at high risk for substantial weight gain. Switching antipsychotic medication may or may not be clinically feasible, but can lead to a reduction in body weight. Lifestyle therapies and other nonpharmacological interventions have been shown to be effective in controlled clinical trials, but the evidence base for adjunctive medication strategies such as with orlistat, sibutramine, amantadine, nizatidine, metformin, topiramate, and others, is conflicting. At the very least, a "small-steps approach" to managing weight should be offered to all patients who are overweight or obese.
 ...
PMID:Schizophrenia, obesity, and antipsychotic medications: what can we do? 1865 65

The results of examination of 116 patients with atherosclerotic damage of lower extremities arteries caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus are presented. At the base of data of X-Ray examination the character, frequency and localization of damage of osteoarticular apparatus of the feet were been analyzed in disorders of main blood flow in cases with diabetes mellitus. Pathologic changes were recorded in 89.9% of cases with prevalence of isolated or combined hypertrophic processes. Destructive alterations, typical for osteoarticular apparatus of the feet in diabetes mellitus (diabetic osteoarthropathy), were absent. X-Ray signs of deformating osteoarthrosis of foot articulations were revealed in 48.4% of cases with maximal rate of damage of metatarsophalangeal joints. No relationship of osteoarticular apparatus lesions rate and a grade of circulation disorder in atherosclerotic vascular disturbances in type 2 diabetes mellitus was revealed (p > 0.05). The frequency of a set of X-Ray signs of osteoarthrosis--narrowing of joint space, subchondral osteosclerosis is associated with duration of diabetes mellitus more than 10 years. The relationship between frequency of development of atrophic processes (osteoporosis) of osteoarticular apparatus of the feet in cases with main vascular disorders and severity of course of diabetes mellitus (p < 0.01). Statistically confident prevalence of rate of osteoarticular apparatus of the foot was recorded in aggravation of metabolic disturbances.
 ...
PMID:[The pathology of the foot in the atherosclerotic damage of lower extremities vessels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus]. 1875 49

Obesity is a risk factor for development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, and some forms of cancer. Many of the adverse health consequences of excess fat deposition are caused by increased secretion of proinflammatory adipokines by adipose tissue. Reciprocal muscle-to-fat signaling factors, or myokines, are starting to be identified. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine that is highly expressed in muscle tissue and that, on the basis of cell culture experiments, has been proposed to act as a circulating myokine that inhibits adipose tissue deposition. To test this hypothesis in vivo, two lines of transgenic mice that overexpressed IL-15 mRNA and protein in skeletal muscle tissue were constructed. By substitution of the inefficient native IL-15 signal peptide with a more efficient signal peptide, one of the transgenic mouse lines also exhibited elevated secretion of IL-15 in the circulation. Overexpression of IL-15 in muscle tissue without secretion in the bloodstream resulted in no differences in body composition. Elevated circulating levels of IL-15 resulted in significant reductions in body fat and increased bone mineral content, without appreciably affecting lean body mass or levels of other cytokines. Elevated circulating levels of IL-15 also inhibited adiposity induced by consumption of a high-fat/high-energy diet in male, but not female, transgenic mice. Female mice with elevated serum IL-15 exhibited increased deposition of lean body mass on a low-fat/low-energy diet and a high-fat/high-energy diet. These findings indicate that muscle-derived circulating IL-15 can modulate adipose tissue deposition and support addition of IL-15 to the growing list of potential myokines that are increasingly being implicated in regulation of body composition.
 ...
PMID:Oversecretion of interleukin-15 from skeletal muscle reduces adiposity. 1900 50

Peroxisome proliferators activated receptors (PPAR) are ligand-inducible nuclear transacting factors comprising three subtypes, PPARalpha, PPARbeta/delta and PPARgamma, which play a key role in lipids and glucose homeostasis. All PPAR subtypes have been identified in joint or inflammatory cells and their activation resulted in a transcriptional repression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNFalpha), early inflammatory genes (NOS(2), COX-2, mPGES-1) or matrix metalloproteases (MMP-1, MMP-13), at least for the gamma subtype. PPAR full agonists were also shown to stimulate IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) production by cytokine-stimulated articular cells in a subtype-dependent manner. These anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic properties were confirmed in animal models of joint diseases where PPAR agonists reduced synovial inflammation while preventing cartilage destruction or inflammatory bone loss, although many effects required much higher doses than needed to restore insulin sensitivity or to lower circulating lipid levels. However, these promising effects of PPAR full agonists were hampered by their ability to reduce the growth factor-dependent synthesis of extracellular matrix components or to induce chondrocyte apoptosis, by the possible contribution of immunosuppressive properties to their anti-arthritic effects, by the increased adipocyte differentiation secondary to prolonged stimulation of PPARgamma, and by a variable contribution of PPAR subtypes depending on the system. Clinical data are scarce in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients whereas thousands of patients worldwilde, treated with PPAR agonists for type 2 diabetes or dyslipidemia, are paradoxically prone to suffer from osteoarthritis (OA). Whereas high dosage of full agonists may expose RA patients to cardiovascular adverse effects, the proof of concept that PPAR agonists have therapeutical relevance to OA may benefit from an epidemiological follow-up of joint lesions in diabetic or hyperlipidemic patients treated for long periods of time with glitazones or fibrates. Additionally, cellular and animal studies are required to assess whether partial agonists of PPAR (SPPARMs) may preserve therapeutical properties with potentially less safety concern.
 ...
PMID:[Pathophysiological relevance of peroxisome proliferators activated receptors (PPAR) to joint diseases - the pro and con of agonists]. 1909 28

The obese patient with osteoarthritis, arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes, hyperuricaemia, mixed dyslipidaemia and moderate renal insufficiency is commonly seen in clinical practice. Besides life-style changes, the optimal management of such patient requires the use of a polymedication therapy whose choice should take into account not only possible pharmacological synergistic effects to warrant the best protection, but also contra-indications due to the presence of comorbidities or the risk of drug interferences.
 ...
PMID:[Drug selection guided by known and newly diagnosed comorbidities in a multi-risk patient]. 1911 97

A new type of 'Passive Exercise Equipment' has been developed, which can induce muscular contraction of the functional muscles around knee joint. Not only user s who are not eager to exercise but also patients with both type 2 diabetes and knee joint osteoarthritis can perform exercise just by following our equipment's motion while sitting on it. In order to reduce knee joint pain, the equipment has three types of original functions. Our experiments, using the equipment, shows that (1) from a subjective evaluation by persons with knee joint osteoarthritis, knee joint pain was smaller than that of walking on a flat surface area, (2) glucose uptake was significantly enhanced from the Euglycemic Clamp study for both young healthy persons and elder persons with type 2 diabetes, and (3) 12 weeks training using the equipment has improved the rating of the knee joint osteoarthritis.
 ...
PMID:Development of new passive exercise equipment inducing contraction of functional muscles around knee joint without pain. 1916 50

Recent statistics indicate that overweight and obesity have become an increasingly serious clinical and socioeconomic problem worldwide, and one of the greatest public health challenges of our time. In the United States, 133.6 million (66%) adults are overweight or obese (body mass index [BMI] >/=25 kg/m(2)), with 63.3 million (31.4%) considered to be obese (BMI >/=30 kg/m(2)). The International Obesity Task Force estimates that worldwide at least 1.1 billion adults are overweight, including 312 million who are obese. Overweight and obese patients are at an increased risk for developing numerous cardiometabolic complications, including hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases, as well as conditions such as osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep apnea, hepatobiliary diseases, and certain types of cancers. Owing to the major health risks and complications associated with obesity, which negatively affect quality of life and reduce average life expectancy, in addition to placing an enormous burden on health care resources, the treatment of overweight and obesity is a public health imperative. Treatment must begin with long-term lifestyle changes, including increased physical activity and dietary modifications. For overweight and obese individuals for whom lifestyle changes alone are insufficient, pharmacotherapy may be added. However, patients who choose adjunctive pharmacotherapy should be advised of the risks and benefits of drug therapy, the lack of long-term safety data, and the temporary and modest nature of the weight loss that can be achieved with these agents. Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment option for morbidly obese patients or obese patients with multiple comorbidities who have not been successful in achieving sufficient weight loss with nonsurgical approaches. However, appropriate candidates for bariatric surgery must also be committed to long-term lifestyle changes.
 ...
PMID:Treatment of overweight and obesity: lifestyle, pharmacologic, and surgical options. 1978 64

The relationship between body mass (usually measured as BMI in kg/m(2)) and healthy longevity is a major focus of study in the nutrition and aging field. Over-nutrition now rivals frailty as the major nutritional concern; the number of older adults who are obese has increased dramatically in the past 3 decades. While obesity exacerbates a host of life-threatening, age-related chronic diseases, a somewhat paradoxical finding is that being somewhat overweight in old age appears to be a benefit with regard to longevity. In our recently completed systematic review of randomized controlled weight reduction trials, we found that weight loss interventions in overweight/obese older subjects led to significant benefits for those with osteoarthritis, coronary heart disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, while having slightly negative effects on bone mineral density and lean body mass. In contrast to this finding, the preponderance of epidemiological evidence indicates that higher BMIs are associated with increased survival after age 65 years. Because of this contradictory state of the science, there is a critical need for further study of the relationship of weight and weight loss/gain to health in the later years of life.
 ...
PMID:Body mass trajectory, energy balance, and weight loss as determinants of health and mortality in older adults. 2005 22

Coronary artery disease, hypertension, congestive heart failure, type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and cognitive disorders become more prevalent as people age. Besides delaying the onset of many of these conditions, regular exercise may improve function and delay disability and morbidity in those who have them. Further, exercise may work synergistically with medication to combat the effects of some chronic diseases. Special adaptations for older patients include lower-intensity exercise (eg, fewer repetitions), low-impact exercise (cycling, exercise while sitting), and modified equipment (smaller weights, special shoes, loose clothing). Unresolved issues include development of optimal strategies for motivating older patients to begin and maintain exercise programs.
 ...
PMID:Exercise for older patients with chronic disease. 2008 80


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>