Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to assess to what extent familial factors play a role in thermogenesis of obese individuals, the 3 h response to a 100 g glucose oral load was measured in 11 obese subjects (6 m, 5 f) with a familial history of obesity and/or obesity-non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, group A); these were compared to 9 obese subjects (5 m, 4 f) without familial history of these disorders (group B). All subjects had normal glucose tolerance and the two groups were comparable with respect to anthropometric features. The glucose-induced thermogenesis of group A (7.9 +/- 1.2 per cent) above preload energy expenditure was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than that observed in group B (13.5 +/- 0.5 per cent). The same conclusions were obtained when the results were expressed as a percentage of the glucose load ingested (4.4 +/- 0.67 and 7.8 +/- 0.80 in group A and group B respectively, P less than 0.01). Despite these differences the pattern of change in glycaemia, insulinaemia, C-peptidaemia and glucagonaemia in response to the glucose load was the same between the two groups. Total glucose oxidation as well as non-oxidative glucose disposal did not differ between the two groups. These results seem to support the hypothesis that genetic factors may contribute to the low thermogenic response observed in some individuals with a familial history of obesity and/or obesity-NIDDM.
 ...
PMID:Glucose-induced thermogenesis in obese subjects with or without familial history of obesity. 238 74

Parameters of fibrinolysis, including euglobulin fibrinolytic activity, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PA-inhibitor) activity, and plasmin-alpha 2-antiplasmin complex (PAP) were studied in 62 patients (35 women and 27 men; ages 53 +/- 16 years) with either insulin-dependent (IDDM) or noninsulin-dependent (NIDDM) diabetes mellitus. Compared to a control group of similar age (n = 57), the diabetic patients had a significantly lower mean euglobulin fibrinolytic activity (1.2 +/- 0.7 vs. 1.7 +/- 1.1 ng/ml, p less than 0.01) but significantly higher mean t-PA antigen (15.7 +/- 8.4 vs. 6.6 +/- 2.9 ng/ml, p less than 0.001) and PA-inhibitor activity (2.6 +/- 1.3 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.7 IU/ml, p less than 0.001) levels. Significant univariate correlations were observed between PA-inhibitor activity and age (r = 0.32, p less than 0.05), diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.42, p less than 0.01) and euglobulin fibrinolytic activity (r = -0.40, p less than 0.01). In multivariate analysis, only body mass index (positively) and euglobulin fibrinolytic activity (negatively) remained significantly related to PA-inhibitor activity in the total diabetic population as well as in the NIDDM group. The only parameter in the IDDM group significantly related to PA-inhibitor activity was diastolic blood pressure. These results suggest that PA-inhibitor plays a role in the regulation of fibrinolysis in diabetes patients and that factors like obesity and hypertension may be related to reduced fibrinolysis via PA-inhibitor levels.
 ...
PMID:Tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen and plasminogen activator inhibitor in diabetes mellitus. 244 56

We evaluated the effects of phenobarbital, an inducer, on plasma glucose and serum immunoreactive insulin levels and on hepatic glucose and drug metabolism using an animal model of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Genetically obese (ob/ob) mice, characterized by hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, fatty liver and obesity were selected. The impairment of diabetic state with age was associated with increased activities of NADPH producing enzymes, whereas mixed function oxidase system remained unaltered. Phenobarbital reduced serum immunoreactive insulin and plasma glucose levels and decreased gluconeogenesis. Hepatic glucose phosphorylating enzyme activity increased and glucose releasing enzyme activity decreased. The demand for NADPH in drug oxidation reactions, caused by the induction phenomenon, was reflected in the elevated activities of the NADPH producing enzymes in pentose phosphate pathway and in the activities of isocitrate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme from mitochondrial oxidation reactions. Glucose metabolism of lean littermates indicated that phenobarbital induction normalizes impaired intracellular glucose handling but leaves normal glucose metabolism unaltered. Hepatic glucose production rate was related to plasma glucose, NADPH producing enzyme activities and cytochrome P450 content in the obese and lean mice.
 ...
PMID:Effects of enzyme induction therapy on glucose and drug metabolism in obese mice model of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. 250 Oct 61

On the base of a preestablished protocol, 350 patients from a hospital endocrinological clinic were evaluated to assess the possible role of primary care teams to reduce its possible massification. A comparative evaluation of the causes for consultation was carried out in those patients requiring specialized attention and those which do not need the complexities of hospital organization for their appropriate care and which should be best directed to primary care. It was concluded that there is an overload of hospital clinics, as 34.5% of patients should have been diagnosed and treated in the primary level of care. On the basis of these results, the endocrine diseases requiring primary care would basically be obesity and type II diabetes mellitus, which, in addition, are present in more than 50% of the patients on care.
 ...
PMID:[Hospital overuse: evaluation and follow-up of endocrine diseases in primary health care]. 251 27

62 cases of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO) were reviewed with regards to their clinical and endocrine features. The subgroup of patients with acanthosis nigricans (AN) was further studied in detail. The prevalence of the syndrome was significantly higher in the Indian (35.5% of cases). Obesity, AN, hirsutism, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and raised level of serum testosterone were present in 77.1%, 74%, 79%, 21% and 48% of the cases respectively. Patients with AN was associated with higher body mass index, serum testosterone level, and prevalence of hirsutism and NIDDM than patients without AN. These observations are in keeping with the hypothesis that hyperinsulinemia may be of importance in the pathogenesis of a sub-group of PCO associated with insulin resistant states.
 ...
PMID:Clinical and endocrine profiles of 62 Malaysian women with polycystic ovary syndrome. 252 38

The Spontaneous Hypertensive/NIH-corpulent rat is a recently developed genetic model of obesity and diabetes. The strain exhibits both metabolic and histopathological characteristics associated with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in humans. This rodent model is unique in that glucose intolerance is expressed in both sexes and in both phenotypes.
 ...
PMID:The role of obesity, hypertension and diet in diabetes and its complications in the Spontaneous Hypertensive/NIH-corpulent rat. 252 Feb 60

Obesity is associated with insulin resistance and type II diabetes mellitus. In the present study, we have characterized hepatic insulin receptor function in two animal models of obesity: the Zucker fatty rat (ZFR), a model of genetic obesity with severe hyperinsulinemia, and the Sprague-Dawley rat with dietary obesity, a model of acquired obesity. Zucker fatty rats were also treated with streptozotocin (STZ) in an effort to examine the effects of relative insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia in the setting of obesity. Using wheat germ agglutinin-purified insulin receptor extracted from liver, no significant difference in insulin binding was identified in either model of obesity. beta-Subunit autophosphorylation was significantly decreased in both obese models relative to that in controls (72% in the obese ZFR and 49% in the overfed Sprague-Dawley model). Kinase activity, as measured by phosphorylation of the 1142-1153 synthetic peptide, was also decreased in both models of obesity by 22% and 64%, respectively. In the Zucker rat, STZ treatment led to an 80% increase in receptor concentration and a further 70% increase in beta-subunit autophosphorylation per receptor, whereas tyrosine kinase activity toward substrate was not altered. Since kinase activity is closely linked to autophosphorylation, we determined the fraction of autophosphorylated (activated) receptors vs. non-phosphorylated (inactive) receptors by using antiphosphotyrosine antibody to precipitate receptors bound with [125I]insulin. There was no significant difference in the percentage of activated insulin receptors in the dietary obese, ZFR, or STZ-treated Zucker rat vs. that in the controls. In all models, the percentage of activated receptors ranged from 32-46% of the total receptor pool. These data suggest that in genetic and acquired obesity, autophosphorylation of the beta-subunit is reduced and is a limiting factor in insulin receptor activation. A similar fraction of all receptors appears to undergo some level of autophosphorylation; however, full autophosphorylation and, thus, activation of the receptor do not occur, and this results in a decrease in kinase activity. This block in autophosphorylation may account for significant reductions in insulin receptor kinase function in obesity.
 ...
PMID:Alterations in the hepatic insulin receptor kinase in genetic and acquired obesity in rats. 255 53

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. We have examined restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) near "candidate diabetogenic genes" as one approach to identify molecular markers for GDM genes. Genotypes for insulin hypervariable region (HVR), insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2), insulin receptor (INSR), and glucose transporter (GLUT1) RFLPs were studied in 96 GDM and 164 control subjects, matched to GDM for race, age, and gravidity. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between genotypes at these candidate gene loci and GDM, while adjusting for the effects of potential confounding variables. Among black subjects, the INSR allele 1 (P = 0.001) and interactions between INSR allele 1 with body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.002) and history of DM in subject's mother (P = 0.004) contributed significantly to GDM risk. Among Caucasian subjects, a similar relationship between the INSR allele 1 (P = 0.007) and INSR allele 1-BMI interactions (P = 0.011) on GDM risk were observed. In Caucasians, an additional significant risk factor was determined by an INSR allele 1-IGF2 allele 2 interaction (P = 0.018). No risk factors were identified in Hispanic subjects. These data continue to support the hypothesis that GDM is a heterogeneous disorder with respect to phenotypic and genotypic features. Furthermore, our data suggest that risk for GDM in black and Caucasian subjects is not due to obesity perse but to interactions between obesity and INSR alleles. In Caucasian women, INSR and IGF2 alleles interact to confer additional risk for GDM. Thus genes underlying susceptibility to GDM in some women may be similar to genes conferring risk to NIDDM, while in others novel genes may contribute to GDM risk.
 ...
PMID:Increased risk for gestational diabetes mellitus associated with insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor II restriction fragment length polymorphisms. 257 27

The Garg study diet supplied 50% of the calories from fat (33% from monounsaturated fat), which eliminates much of the bulk from the diet. Substituting monounsaturates for carbohydrates in the diet translates into giving up 120 calories from a carbohydrate source (very large potato, 1 1/2 slices of bread, 1 cup of cereal, etc) for a tablespoon of olive oil. Somehow that doesn't seem like a good exchange. Abbott et al substituted complex carbohydrates for saturated fat in the diet and accomplished the same result as Coulston et al with a low-carbohydrate (40%), moderate-fat (40%) diet. The American Diabetes Association suggested that if diabetes was poorly controlled and hypertriglyceridemia a problem, monounsaturates might be useful to maintain caloric balance. However, in light of the high incidence of obesity in persons with NIDDM and recent studies on the ease of dietary fat storage in adipose tissue, should fat of any kind, including monounsaturated fats, be substituted for carbohydrates in the diet of persons with diabetes?
 ...
PMID:How enthusiastically should the use of monounsaturated fats be encouraged? 262 65

Hyperglycemia and other metabolic derangements resulting from absolute or functional deficiency of insulin are accompanied by typical signs and symptoms of diabetes. The clinical signs and the findings of hyperglycemia over 200 mg/dl should establish a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. An oral glucose tolerance test (O-GTT) is rarely necessary for diagnosis of diabetes in a child. A small proportion of children, however, present less severe symptoms, and may require an O-GTT. Approximately 14% of IDDM children were in coma at diagnosis in Tokyo, and 11 onset deaths (0.94%) were observed among the 1172 newly diagnosed IDDM cases in Japan. A significant decline in the onset mortality, however, has been observed in the past 20 years in Japan in association with the improvement of early management of childhood diabetes. The clinical distinction of IDDM from NIDDM is often difficult in diabetic children of Oriental origin without obesity. Japanese IDDM can be divided into two forms, abrupt and slow onset forms, but they may be essentially the same disease. There was no difference in the frequency of being tested positive for circulating ICA between the two groups of the patients. But a difference in the frequency of HLA DR4 and DRW9 was noticed between the two groups. Clinical features of 107 children with NIDDM were studied and about 75% of these cases were obese. All of them can be detected by routine urinalysis for glucose. Diet and exercise therapy in most of the newly diagnosed patients resulted in remission but some of them may require insulin or an oral hypoglycemic agent to get better glycemic control.
 ...
PMID:Initial signs and diagnosis of diabetes--special considerations of Oriental patients. 263 91


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10