Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There is great interest in, but few instruments to assess, multiple levels of support and community resources from a social-ecological perspective. This study evaluated the psychometric characteristics of the Chronic Illness Resources Survey (CIRS) and its sensitivity to a multifaceted social-ecological intervention to enhance personally relevant community resources supportive of healthful lifestyles. Participants were 293 post-menopausal women having type 2 diabetes who were part of a multiple-behavior lifestyle change program. Key measures included the CIRS, a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire, the Kristal Fat and Fiber Behavior Questionnaire, the CHAMPS Activities Questionnaire for Older Adults, and other measures of social support. Results revealed that the CIRS displayed good psychometric characteristics in this new sample, was significantly correlated as predicted with established measures of social support, was sensitive to intervention, and partially mediated the effects of intervention on both dietary and physical activity outcomes. The 22-item CIRS scale appears useful for assessing multilevel support resources, predicting successful behavior change and detecting social-ecological intervention effects.
 ...
PMID:The Chronic Illness Resources Survey: cross-validation and sensitivity to intervention. 1557 38

Type 2 diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are particularly high in this patient population. Improved glucose control, especially early in the course of diabetes, can slow or prevent complications, preserve beta-cell function, and improve long-term outcomes. Within the last decade, new treatments and glycemic goals have created an opportunity to better manage this prevalent, chronic disease. Defects of insulin resistance and deficiency leading to type 2 diabetes can now be directly targeted with available therapies. In addition to diet and exercise, oral treatment options have been broadened, with both insulin secretagogues and insulin sensitizers. These advances in treatment options make glycemic control an obtainable target, and therefore should improve overall morbidity and mortality for patients. This paper will review currently available oral therapies, with a focus on the unique attributes of the insulin sensitizers for patients with type 2 diabetes.
 ...
PMID:Achieving glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a practical guide for clinicians on oral hypoglycemics. 1558 99

Diabetes mellitus, is a common chronic disease, and its prevalence in the United States, particularly type 2 diabetes, is increasing. Complications associated with diabetes impose a heavy burden on many people, especially among certain minority populations. Periodontal diseases, dental caries, and tooth loss also are common conditions in the United States, but their prevalence is generally decreasing. Nevertheless, among important subgroups of the population, particularly certain minority and economically disadvantaged groups, there is a disproportionately higher burden of periodontal diseases, dental caries, and tooth loss. This article reviews the post-1960 English-language literature on the relationship between diabetes and oral health, specifically focusing on periodontal disease, dental caries, and tooth loss. Substantial evidence exists to support the role of diabetes and poorer glycemic control as important risk factors for periodontal disease. Additionally, the evidence provides support for viewing the relationship between diabetes and periodontal diseases as bidirectional. However, additional research is necessary to firmly establish that treating periodontal infections can contribute to glycemic control management and possibly to the reduction of type 2 diabetes complications. The literature does not describe a consistent relationship between type 2 diabetes and dental caries. It reports increased, decreased, and similar caries experiences between those with and without diabetes. This review suggests that currently there is insufficient evidence to determine whether a relationship between diabetes and risk for coronal or root caries exists. Most of the reviewed studies reported greater tooth loss in people with diabetes. However, the differences were slight and not significant in several of the reports. Furthermore, this review of the association between diabetes and tooth loss reveals that valid population-based evidence generalizable to the US population is sparse. Further investigations of the association of diabetes with dental caries and tooth loss are warranted. If adverse effects of diabetes on dental caries and/or tooth loss are substantiated, the results of such studies would help design intervention studies to prevent or reduce the occurrence of dental caries and tooth loss in people with diabetes. These results also may affect existing clinical practice protocols and promote new public policy related to diabetes.
 ...
PMID:Diabetes, periodontal diseases, dental caries, and tooth loss: a review of the literature. 1564 24

Diabetes is a chronic disease associated with multisystem complications. In particular, cardiovascular and renal demise are almost certain in individuals who have diabetes, with cardiovascular complications account-ing for over 50% of mortality among patients who have type 2 diabetes mellitus. Documented benefits of lowering cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose levels in these patients have led to the current emphasis on multidimensional pharmacologic management. Table 2 provides a summary of recommendations for managing patients who have type 2 diabetes.
 ...
PMID:Multidimensional pharmacologic strategies for diabetes. 1573 50

The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents is higher than 20 years ago in all racial-ethnic, age, and gender groups. Research has lead to the discovery of many risk factors for obesity, which may help practitioners target at-risk individuals. Insight concerning obesity prevention can come from examining other public health programs, which center on prevention; such as smoking, seat belt use, and sexually transmitted disease. Another guide when establishing obesity prevention is evaluation of currently successful programs. Prevention and treatment interventions for childhood obesity should promote the replacement of unhealthy eating and exercise practices with healthier behaviors. The goal of prevention should always be maintenance of normal growth patterns, rather than weight loss. In predisposed children, sedentary, non-nutritious environments challenge metabolic capacity and promote overweight conditions, further inactivity and increased sedentary behaviors. This results in clinically significant obesity, reduced insulin sensitivity and ultimately type 2 diabetes later in life. Prevention of future chronic disease in children and adults may depend on our ability to prevent the onset of obesity in young children. This should be a primary goal of pediatricians, family health care professionals, and public health professionals.
 ...
PMID:Can obesity prevention work for our children? 1575 8

The main aim of this study was to evaluate correlates of the knowledge Mexican young people have about type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) risk and prevention. We developed a cross-sectional study in public schools in Morelos, in central Mexico during 1998-1999 in 13,293 students (11-24 years). We determined body mass index (BMI) with anthropometric measurements (height and weight). Using questionnaire data, we constructed a DM knowledge-based scale. Statistical analysis was done using an ordinal, logistic regression model. Only 1.6% of the students (95%CI = 1.4-1.8) had high DM knowledge levels; 85.6% (95%CI = 84.9-86.1) had low levels. The factors with the strongest associations with high levels of knowledge about type 2 DM among the Mexican students in this study were: being in high school or at university (vs. junior high), urban residence, higher socio-economic level, and BMI indicating overweight or obesity. Other socio-demographic factors correlated with high levels of knowledge about the disease, but with slightly weaker associations, included female gender, higher age, higher academic achievement (grades) and higher education level of the student's mother. While young men who were overweight or obese were 2.6 and 3.4 times more likely to have high levels of knowledge about DM (95%CI = 1.9-3.6 and 2.1-5.5, respectively), young women who were overweight or obese were only 1.4 and 1.1 times more likely to have high knowledge about DM (95%CI = 1.0-1.9 and 0.6-1.8, respectively). Mexican young people have limited knowledge about DM, although this chronic disease is increasingly common in Mexico as in many other countries.
 ...
PMID:Gender, body mass index and socio-demographic variables associated with knowledge about type 2 diabetes mellitus among 13,293 Mexican students. 1586 12

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) play a fundamental role in somatic growth and cellular differentiation, metabolism and survival. Indeed, the processes linking nutrition, metabolism and growth are thought to involve a complex interrelation among insulin, growth hormone (GH), IGFs and their binding proteins (IGFBPs). However, accumulating data from both experimental and molecular epidemiological studies indicate that these growth factors may also be important in the pathophysiological processes underlying chronic disease, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease and cancer. Experimental and observational studies suggest that higher levels of circulating IGF-I may increase risk of several cancers. By contrast, recent prospective epidemiological studies suggest that relatively higher IGF-I levels may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. However, these relatively small-scale observational studies are susceptible to chance, reverse causality and residual or unmeasured confounding. A 'Mendelian randomization' approach based on large-scale gene association and prospective observational studies might help determine the possible causal role of IGF-I and its binding proteins in the aetiology of type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease and cancer.
 ...
PMID:Insulin-like growth factor-I and risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease: molecular epidemiology. 1587 87

Compliance with treatment is crucial to the optimal management of any chronic disease. Non-compliance with antihyperglycemic treatment is clearly a significant issue for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as it decreases the efficacy of the treatment and increases the risk of developing microvascular and macrovascular complications, therefore increasing the human and economic costs of this disease. The effect of low compliance on metabolic control has been shown to represent an increase of up to 1.4% in glycosylated hemoglobin. Achieving optimal compliance is therefore a therapeutic objective of prime importance. Many factors have been cited as contributing to poor compliance. Some of these, such as age, severe complications and disabilities, and social, educational, and financial difficulties, affect compliance with treatment in quite a significant manner, but are not modifiable by the healthcare provider. Other factors, such as the number of tablets per dose and polymedication, are modifiable but do not appear to be of major importance, whereas the frequency of administration is both an important and a modifiable factor affecting compliance with treatment. One strategy for optimization of compliance involves treatment of type 2 diabetes using oral antihyperglycemic agents with once-daily formulations. Recent data indicate that reducing the daily administration frequency of oral antihyperglycemic agents improves compliance with treatment and consequently metabolic control. Therefore, optimization of treatment through a reduction in the frequency of antihyperglycemic administration could be a valuable weapon in the battle to improve health outcomes and reduce the burden of type 2 diabetes.
 ...
PMID:Impact of compliance with oral antihyperglycemic agents on health outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a focus on frequency of administration. 1589 22

The study of childhood obesity has continued to grow exponentially in the past decade. This has been driven in part by the increasing prevalence of this problem and the widespread potential effects of increased obesity in childhood on lifelong chronic disease risk. The focus of this review is on recent findings regarding the link between obesity and disease risk during childhood and adolescence. We describe recent reports relating to type 2 diabetes in youth (2), prediabetes (69, 166), metabolic syndrome (33, 35), polycystic ovarian syndrome (77), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (58, 146), and the mediating role of insulin resistance in these conditions. In addition, we review the implications of this research for the design of more effective treatment and prevention strategies that focus more on the improvement of obesity-related metabolic abnormalities and chronic disease risk reduction than on the conventional energy balance approach that focuses on weight management.
 ...
PMID:Pediatric obesity and insulin resistance: chronic disease risk and implications for treatment and prevention beyond body weight modification. 1601 74

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a common chronic disease whose economic impact on both patients and society is constantly increasing. "The Cost of Diabetes in Europe--Type 2 study" is the first coordinated attempt to measure total healthcare costs of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Europe. On average, 3% of the population with type 2 diabetes accounted for 5% of the total healthcare expenditure. Complications have a substantial impact on the costs of managing type 2 diabetes. The prevention of complications, especially cardiovascular disease, will potentially reduce overall healthcare expenditure.
 ...
PMID:[The cost of type 2 diabetes: summary of the Cost of Diabetes in Europe-Type II study (CODE-2) and analysis of the situation in Belgium]. 1603 80


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>