Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A control series of 105 patients in hospital with non-malignant diseases was used in a limited clinical assessment of the MOD-MEM test. Twenty-seven positive results could be explained on the basis of destruction of nervous parenchyma, tissue necrosis, tuberculosis, malignant disease, etc. The remaining 13 unexplained positives showed a sex and age distribution in agreement with that predicted from cancer registration statistics if the MOD-MEM test detects cancer about 16 years before the clinical appearance of the disease.
Br J Cancer 1976 Jul
PMID:Clinical assessment of the MOD-MEM cancer test in controls with non-malignant diseases. 6 Jan 18

A previous study of the MOD-MEM test showed promising results. We have attempted to repeat the study using a blind coded series of 210 blood samples from normal subjects and patients with either benign or malignant disease. Using standard criteria the false negative rate for cancer patients averaged 43% and the false positive rate for non-cancer patients averaged 34%. The results indicate that the test at the present time, under routine laboratory conditions, is not reliably reproducible and does not have the ability to effectively discriminate between benign and malignant disease. It is suggested that blind coded studies be used more frequently in assessment of tests with cancer detection potential.
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PMID:The macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test--an investigation of its value as a routine laboratory test in the detection of malignant disease. 35 73

All patients examined [52] with malignant disease of the female genital tract showed lymphocyte reactions to encephalitogenic factor (EF) of more than 10% as measured by the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test and its modification (MOD-MEM). Whilst 13 patients with non-malignant disease of the genital tract and 30 normals showed lymphocyte reaction to EF of less than 6%, 4 patients with nonmalignant gynaecological disease gave values above the 10% limit. The lymphocyte reactions of this latter group of patients were discussed with respect to their previous clinical histories. Some of the malignant cases were carcinoma of the cervix in situ so that the MEM test would appear to be of value in the early diagnosis of cancer. The need for caution in the interpretation of results is discussed as well as further possible applications of the technique.
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PMID:Macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test in malignant gynaecological diseases. 77 34

Obesity is common in populations that are overnourished and can become a significant public health problem. Obesity predisposes to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cholelithiasis, some malignancies and osteoarthritis. These consequences that most directly affect the cardiovascular system are dyslipidemia and hypertension. Nations in which obesity is rare should learn from the experience of the countries where it is prevalent, that prevention of obesity is a public health measure rather than weight reduction.
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PMID:Cardiovascular consequences of obesity. 149 63

RU-486 or mifepristone is best known as an antiprogestin and an abortifacient, but it has broad medical applicability. The drug is also a potent blocker of corticosteroid receptors, and it has shown promise in the treatment of breast cancer, inoperable meningioma, and cushing's disease. Cushing's is a model for the symptomatology of aging which may involve enhanced response to corticosteroid. RU-486 has reversed the osteoporosis, thinning of skin, muscle atrophy, obesity, adult onset diabetes, depression, hypertension, and immunosuppression associated with this disease. RU-486 may be of value in aiding cervical dilation, lactation, and the treatment of endometriosis. In addition, breast, bowel, kidney tumors, hepatomas, endometrial cancer, and fibrosarcomas can show corticosteroid dependency, suggesting that RU-486 may have clinical value against inoperable tumors. In a preliminary 1987 phase I study, in estrogen-positive, chemotherapy-refractory breast cancer patients in Montpelier, France, Ru-486 produced objective tumor regression (6 of 22) that was prolonged (3 months) in 4 patients. Clinical relief of bone pain was observed in 7 of 23 patients with a decline in carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) tumor makers in 8 patients. Growing in vitro data also show that RU-486 can directly inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation. RU-486 has application for HIV infection, based on data that there is a serum factor in AIDS patients that enhances corticosteroid lympholysis. IN addition, the immune restorative action of RU-486 suggests that it could counteract the immunosuppression seen in aging, in cancer, or in viral or stress-related disease, which has recently focused clinical attention on its potential in the treatment of senile dementia and depression. Scientific conferences and workshops are needed to alert scientists, physicians, and the public to the potential medical benefits of this drug.
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PMID:RU 486: how abortion politics have impacted on a potentially useful drug of broad medical application. 150 96

A mathematical model incorporating the processes of both cancer induction and subsequent tumor growth has been developed. The model was applied to incidence data of stomach classified into histologic subtypes: papillary adenocarcinoma (PAP), well and moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinomas (WEL and MOD), poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (POR), mucinous adenocarcinoma (MUC) and signet-ring cell carcinoma (SIG). The multistage theory was assumed for cancer induction as in the Armitage-Doll model. For the period of growth, exponential growth was assumed and clinical surfacing was formulated as a stochastic process related to tumor diameter. The number of stages in cancer induction and the tumor growth rate were simultaneously estimated for each histologic subtype using the maximum likelihood procedure. The present model showed better fits than the Armitage-Doll model in most histologic subtypes except WEL, PAP, WEL and MOD, which are characterized as differentiated subtypes with less mucous production, showed different features from POR, MUC and SIG: 1) the number of stages was estimated to be larger, 2) the differences in incidence rates between males and females were more marked, and 3) males tended to have larger growth rates in PAP and MOD, while in POR, MUC and SIG, females had larger values. The present study showed that an analysis by histologic subtypes is of importance in stomach cancer and that the period of tumor growth should not be ignored when formulating a model of the natural history of stomach cancer.
Jpn J Cancer Res 1990 Nov
PMID:Analysis of stomach cancer incidence by histologic subtypes based on a mathematical model of multistage cancer induction and exponential growth. 217 1

Immunocytochemical and in vivo transplantation methods were used to study the characteristics of a series of newly developed mammary epithelial cell lines. These mouse mammary cell lines were derived from mid-pregnant primiparous BALB/c female mice and were routinely grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium supplemented with 1% fetal bovine serum, insulin, transferrin, epidermal growth factor, and selenite. Of the 6 cell lines, 1 cell line, COMMA-D, produced normal and preneoplastic mammary outgrowths when it was transplanted into mammary fat pads of syngeneic mice. One cell line, MOD, produced only mammary adenocarcinomas. The other 4 cell lines, COMMA-F, COMMA-T, MOMA-1, and MOMA-2, produced neither normal nor neoplastic outgrowths. Immunocytochemical staining with polyclonal antibodies to keratin and vimentin intermediate filament proteins revealed that 5 of the 6 cell lines were epithelial. The sixth cell line, MOMA-2, was apparently of fibroblastic origin. The COMMA-D cell line was unique compared to the other cell lines with respect to several characteristics. The cell line was morphologically heterogeneous as determined by phase-contrast microscopy, cytologically heterogeneous as determined by immunocytochemical staining, and heterogeneous with respect to DNA content. Finally, the full morphogenic potential of COMMA-D included not only normal mammary ductal and preneoplastic mammary alveolar outgrowths but also adenocarcinomas and fibrosarcomas. The expression of this morphogenic potential upon transplantation in vivo was drastically diminished after passage 14. The significance of the cellular heterogeneity with respect to expression of mammary-specific morphogenesis is not understood at this time; however, conceivably, the observed heterogeneity reflects an essential requirement for morphogenesis in vivo. The transplantation and immunocytochemical characteristics provide the descriptive basis for further studies on these cell lines to determine the cell lineages involved in morphogenesis and preneoplastic transformation in vivo.
J Natl Cancer Inst 1986 Jun
PMID:Properties of mouse mammary epithelial cell lines characterized by in vivo transplantation and in vitro immunocytochemical methods. 242 37

Immunocytochemical assays (ICA) using monoclonal antiestrogen receptors (ER ICA), antiprogesterone receptors (PR ICA), and monoclonal antibody Ki67 (Ki67 ICA) were performed in 127 breast carcinomas. The immunostaining procedures were applied on frozen tissue sections, tumour imprints, and fine-needle aspirates in order to compare the variations in the distribution of the antigens detected in the three different types of preparations. Positive reactions detected with peroxidase-antiperoxidase and avidinbiotin-peroxidase, and alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase complexes were evaluated through a computerized system of image analysis referred to as SAMBA 200 (SAMBA TITN, Grenoble, France). Application programs specifically developed for the analysis of tissue sections and of cytologic preparations were applied. This system allowed a multiparametric, accurate, reliable, reproducible and automatized evaluation of the heterogeneity of the antigenic sites in tumors. For each markers positive cell surface (PS), and integrated and mean optical densities (IOD, MOD) and IOD histograms were compared. It was shown that (1) there was no significant variation in optical densities in cell imprints and aspirates whereas PS significantly (P less than 0.01) differed in both preparations; (2) there were significant differences of the optical densities between tissue sections and cytological preparations, either imprints or aspirates, likely due to randomly cut nuclei in tissue sections; and (3) there was a significant difference between the PS of tissue sections and aspirates but no significant difference between tissue sections and imprints. It is concluded that fine-needle aspiration constitutes a convenient method for cell sampling, reliable for the diagnosis of malignancies. However, it may not reflect the heterogeneity of cell subpopulations in tissue.
Cancer 1989 Mar 01
PMID:Immunodetection in fine-needle aspirates and multiparametric (SAMBA) image analysis. Receptors (monoclonal antiestrogen and antiprogesterone) and growth fraction (monoclonal Ki67) evaluation in breast carcinomas. 264 15

A follow-up study of 1939 diabetic patients with a mean observation period of 9.4 years was carried out in Osaka, Japan. The mortality rates per 1000 person-years were 31.35 for males and 21.99 for females, and the ratios of observed to expected number of deaths were 1.69 for males and 1.74 for females, indicating an excess mortality for diabetic patients of both sexes and higher mortality in males than in females in Japan. Factors related to the prognosis of the patients were age, elevated fasting glucose level, lower obesity index, hypertension, diabetic retinopathy, and albuminuria at entry to the study. Insulin treatment was also associated with poor prognosis. Cerebro-cardiovascular and renal disease were the major causes of death in diabetic patients; heart disease killed 19.5%, cerebrovascular disease 16.7% and renal disease 13.1%. The relatively high frequency of renal disease as a cause of death in type 2 diabetes, especially in patients with a lower age of onset, was noteworthy, suggesting some difference in the clinical manifestations of diabetes between Japan and Western countries. Malignant neoplasms accounted for 25% of deaths, and cirrhosis of the liver for 6.4%.
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PMID:Mortality and causes of death in type 2 diabetic patients. A long-term follow-up study in Osaka District, Japan. 275 88

Resolution of selenium-containing proteins synthesized by mouse mammary gland cells was achieved using the technique of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Radioactive selenium as H2[75Se]O3 was incorporated into relatively few proteins within mammary gland cells maintained in vitro and cells of mammary gland tissue in vivo. The pattern of selenoproteins obtained was identical qualitatively between a nontumorigenic differentiated cell line, COMMA-D, and a tumorigenic cell line, MOD. Eleven selenoproteins ranging in molecular weight from 12,000-78,000 were detected and a total of 25 spots were visible indicating charge heterogeneity of some of the proteins. A major selenoprotein (Mr 26,000) migrated identically with the subunit form of glutathione peroxidase, a well-characterized protein containing four selenocysteine residues. Other major selenoproteins had molecular weights of 58,000, 22,000, 18,000, and 14,000. Analysis of the total cellular protein extract and of each of the five major proteins indicated that selenium was incorporated as selenocysteine in the proteins. Incorporation of selenium as selenomethionine into cellular proteins was detected only when selenomethionine was provided in the culture medium. Cleavage of 75Se-labeled proteins with N-chlorosuccinimide produced polypeptides of different molecular weights indicating that the Mr 58,000, 26,000, and 22,000 selenoproteins were dissimilar in the amino acid sequences containing the selenoamino acid. The pattern of selenoproteins of mammary gland cells in vivo was similar to that obtained for cells in culture and most other tissues in vivo. These results provide evidence for the presence of multiple selenium-containing proteins in mammary epithelial cells. The possible significance of these proteins in selenium-mediated inhibition of cell growth awaits future clarification.
Cancer Res 1986 Sep
PMID:Distribution of selenoproteins in mouse mammary epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. 294 39


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