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Query: UMLS:C0011860 (type 2 diabetes)
 57,723 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Epidemiological data have suggested a possible relationship between obesity, diabetes mellitus and cancer risk, particularly breast cancer. We set out to investigate the effect of body mass index and diabetes mellitus on the presence of breast cancer in the Apulian population. We selected 1,663 women affected with primary breast cancer and 4,702 control patients. All patients with breast cancer underwent surgical excision of the tumor and their tumors were histologically confirmed. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (8%) in the women affected by breast cancer was significantly higher than in the control group (5%) (p<0.05). The majority of the diabetic women affected by breast cancer had a BMI value >25, both in premenopause and in postmenopause. With respect to BMI, the non-diabetic patients with breast cancer in postmenopause showed the same pattern as the diabetic ones. Instead, among the women in premenopause a higher percentage (55%) of patients with a BMI <24.9 was found (p<0.01). In the Apulian population, the presence of both type 2 diabetes and elevated values of BMI (that is in a condition of hyperinsulinemia) were found to enhance the frequency of breast cancer.
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PMID:The impact of body mass index and type 2 diabetes on breast cancer: current therapeutic measures of prevention. 1557 84

Dietary factors are important predictors for the risk of diabetes type 2. Increased consumption of fibre-rich foods, fruits and vegetables as well as limited amounts of total and saturated fats are essential elements in the prevention of diabetes type 2. The association between these dietary factors and the appearance of diabetes was not only present in cohort studies but were also major elements in the dietary part of the two large diabetes prevention trials (Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study, Diabetes Prevention Program). There is also strong evidence for a relation between obesity and total fat intake and the incidence of certain types of cancers. There is a significant correlation between total fat intake and the risk of cancer; however, it is much weaker than that of the effect of red meat. Recommendations to decrease red meat intake, particularly processed meat, may decrease the risk of colorectal and prostate cancer and may have beneficial effects on breast cancer as well, although this evidence is less compelling. Overall, recommendations focused on controlling or reducing body weight by regular physical activity and avoidance of excessive energy intake from all sources, particularly from fat and saturated fats, by increasing consumption of fibre-rich carbohydrates, vegetables and fruits are effective in decreasing the risk for type 2 diabetes by more than 50% in high-risk individuals. Similar dietary patterns are likely to diminish the manifestation of certain forms of cancers. These conclusions are in agreement with current recommendations for cancer prevention as propagated by the American Cancer Society.
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PMID:Nutritional fats and the risk of type 2 diabetes and cancer. 1562 Oct 66

Type 2 diabetes is a serious health problem that affects more than 7% of adults in developed countries. Up to 16% of patients with breast cancer have diabetes, and two major risk factors for type 2 diabetes-old age and obesity-are also associated with breast cancer. Three mechanisms have been postulated to associate diabetes with breast cancer: activation of the insulin pathway, activation of the insulin-like-growth-factor pathway, and regulation of endogenous sex hormones. Comparative cohort studies and case-control studies suggest that type 2 diabetes may be associated with 10-20% excess relative risk of breast cancer. Gestational diabetes mellitus, but not type 1 diabetes, might also be associated with excess risk of breast cancer. Moreover, diabetes and its complications can adversely affect cancer therapy and the use of screening, which will thus affect the outcome of patients with breast cancer.
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PMID:Diabetes mellitus and breast cancer. 1568 19

It has become clear that growth and progression of breast tumor cells not only depend on their malignant potential but also on factors present in the tumor microenvironment. Of the cell types that constitute the mammary stroma, the adipocytes are perhaps the least well studied despite the fact that they represent one of the most prominent cell types surrounding the breast tumor cells. There is compelling evidence demonstrating a role for the mammary fat pad in mammary gland development, and some studies have revealed the ability of fat tissue to augment the growth and ability to metastasize of mammary carcinoma cells. Very little is known, however, about which factors adipocytes produce that may orchestrate these actions and how this may come about. In an effort to shed some light on these questions, we present here a detailed proteomic analysis, using two-dimensional gel-based technology, mass spectrometry, immunoblotting, and antibody arrays, of adipose cells and interstitial fluid of fresh fat tissue samples collected from sites topologically distant from the tumors of high risk breast cancer patients that underwent mastectomy and that were not treated prior to surgery. A total of 359 unique proteins were identified, including numerous signaling molecules, hormones, cytokines, and growth factors, involved in a variety of biological processes such as signal transduction and cell communication; energy metabolism; protein metabolism; cell growth and/or maintenance; immune response; transport; regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, and nucleic acid metabolism; and apoptosis. Apart from providing a comprehensive overview of the mammary fat proteome and its interstitial fluid, the results offer some insight as to the role of adipocytes in the breast tumor microenvironment and provide a first glance of their molecular cellular circuitry. In addition, the results open new possibilities to the study of obesity, which has a strong association with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart disease.
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PMID:Identification of extracellular and intracellular signaling components of the mammary adipose tissue and its interstitial fluid in high risk breast cancer patients: toward dissecting the molecular circuitry of epithelial-adipocyte stromal cell interactions. 1569 26

Pioglitazone and rosiglitazone are thiazolidinediones used for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. They modulate glucose and fat metabolism, mainly by binding to the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma. PPAR-gamma signalling is involved in a number of other disease conditions including cancer. In breast cancer cells, PPAR-gamma ligands inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. PPAR-gamma ligands also inhibit tumour angiogenesis and invasion. The only published clinical trial using a PPAR-gamma ligand in patients with metastatic breast cancer failed to show any clinical benefits. The mechanism of action of the thiazolidinediones in breast cancer cells is not fully understood but involves interactions with other nuclear hormone receptors, transcriptional co-activators and repressors as well as PPAR-gamma-independent effects. A better understanding of these mechanisms will be needed before PPAR-gamma ligands may be useful in the treatment of breast cancer patients.
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PMID:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligands for the treatment of breast cancer. 1600 88

There is growing recognition that the risk of many diseases in later life, such as type 2 diabetes or breast cancer, is affected by adult as well as early-life variables, including those operating prior to conception and during the prenatal period. Most of these risk factors are correlated because of common biologic and/or social pathways, while some are intrinsically ordered over time. The study of how they jointly influence later ("distal") disease outcomes is referred to as life course epidemiology. This area of research raises several issues relevant to the current debate on causal inference in epidemiology. The authors give a brief overview of the main analytical and practical problems and consider a range of modeling approaches, their differences determined by the degree with which associations present (or presumed) among the correlated explanatory variables are explicitly acknowledged. Standard multiple regression (i.e., conditional) models are compared with joint models where more than one outcome is specified. Issues arising from measurement error and missing data are addressed. Examples from two cohorts in the United Kingdom are used to illustrate alternative modeling strategies. The authors conclude that more than one analytical approach should be adopted to gain more insight into the underlying mechanisms.
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PMID:Statistical issues in life course epidemiology. 1630 13

Obesity is a worldwide problem which impacts the risk and prognosis of some of the more common forms of cancer, including breast cancer in post-menopausal women. As the basis for understanding the potential mechanisms of obesity and cancer relationship has advanced, a number of new hypotheses have emerged. The adipocytokines are a complex group of biologically active polypeptides. Leptin is a growth hormone, secreted by adipose tissue, whose levels are normally elevated in obese individuals and may have a promoting effect on carcinogenesis and metastasis of breast cancer, possibly in an autocrine manner. Leptin interferes with the insulin signaling pathway and in type 2 diabetes plasma leptin levels are found to be correlated with the degree of insulin resistance, a relationship independent of body mass. This relationship might provide a mechanistic explanation for promotion potential.
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PMID:Obesity, breast cancer and the role of adipocytokines. 1643 10

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with increased incidence and inferior outcome of various malignancies. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of type 2 diabetes on breast cancer characteristics at presentation. The study population included 79 diabetic and 158 age-matched non-diabetic patients. Parity, country of birth, co-morbidity other than diabetes, and mode of diagnosis were similar in both groups. Mean body mass index (BMI) was higher among diabetic patients. Tumour stage and size were higher among diabetic patients and the differences remained significant after adjustment for BMI. Moreover, after adjustment for BMI, breast cancer among diabetic patients was more often hormone receptor negative. Our results show that diabetes mellitus is associated with negative prognostic factors at breast cancer presentation.
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PMID:Association between diabetes mellitus and adverse characteristics of breast cancer at presentation. 1657 4

Diabetic mastopathy is an uncommon tumor-like proliferation of fibrous tissue of the breast that usually occurs in a patient who has suffered from type I diabetes mellitus of long duration. Here we report a rare case of diabetic mastopathy that occurred in type II non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. This patient was a 63-year-old postmenopausal woman. Mammography, ultrasonography and MR imaging could not distinguish it from breast cancer. Although the core needle biopsy specimen showed fibrosis without evidence of malignancy, excisional biopsy was performed. Histological findings demonstrated typical diabetic mastopathy with keloid-like fibrosis, perivascular lymphocytic infiltration, and lymphocytic lobulitis without evidence of malignancy. These lymphocytes were composed predominantly of B-cells. Five months after surgical biopsy, a nodular formation approximately 4 cm in diameter recurred adjacent to the resected end of the biopsy.
Breast Cancer 2006
PMID:An uncommon case of diabetic mastopathy in type II non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. 1675 19

Recent population studies provide clues that the use of metformin may be associated with reduced incidence and improved prognosis of certain cancers. This drug is widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, where it is often referred to as an "insulin sensitizer" because it not only lowers blood glucose but also reduces the hyperinsulinemia associated with insulin resistance. As insulin and insulin-like growth factors stimulate proliferation of many normal and transformed cell types, agents that facilitate signaling through these receptors would be expected to enhance proliferation. We show here that metformin acts as a growth inhibitor rather than an insulin sensitizer for epithelial cells. Breast cancer cells can be protected against metformin-induced growth inhibition by small interfering RNA against AMP kinase. This shows that AMP kinase pathway activation by metformin, recently shown to be necessary for metformin inhibition of gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes, is also involved in metformin-induced growth inhibition of epithelial cells. The growth inhibition was associated with decreased mammalian target of rapamycin and S6 kinase activation and a general decrease in mRNA translation. These results provide evidence for a mechanism that may contribute to the antineoplastic effects of metformin suggested by recent population studies and justify further work to explore potential roles for activators of AMP kinase in cancer prevention and treatment.
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PMID:Metformin is an AMP kinase-dependent growth inhibitor for breast cancer cells. 1706 58


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