Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011854 (type 1 diabetes)
 20,749 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Insulin antibodies (IAA) can be detected in the serum of the majority of newly diagnosed IDDM patients prior to insulin therapy. In first degree relatives of IDDM patients, IAA are associated with an increased risk of development of IDDM. However, the disease specificity of IAA, detected by radiobinding assays, has not been addressed. We thus tested sera from patients with autoimmune disease for IAA. One of 29 (3%) patients with Graves' disease and five of 27 (19%) patients with SLE had IAA levels exceeding the range for normal controls. IAA were not detected in sera from 29 patients with Addison's disease, 15 patients with pernicious anaemia or 10 patients with increased gamma globulins. Non-specific binding of 125I-labelled insulin was increased in serum from 14 (21%) samples from patients with Graves' disease, 10 (37%) patients with SLE, one (3.2%) of 29 patients with Addison's disease and two (13%) of 15 patients with pernicious anaemia. The increased non-specific binding most likely relates to immunoglobulin binding as it was also found in eight of 10 patients with oligoclonal or polyclonal increase in gamma globulins. Our findings suggest that moderate elevations of IAA are not uncommon in patients with SLE, in whom increased non-specific binding of insulin is also common. This observation is of importance in preclinical diabetes screening studies.
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PMID:Insulin autoantibodies in patients with autoimmune diseases. 147 50

The residual B-cell function was examined by means of the plasma C-peptide response 6 min after a combined injection of glucagon and glucose (GG test) or conventional glucagon test (G test) in four insulin-dependent diabetic patients (IDDM group), in 18 diabetic patients treated with insulin (Insulin group), 31 treated with oral hypoglycemic agents (SU group) and 27 treated with diet only (Diet group) and in 22 borderline cases. By GG test, 6-min C-peptide values of the IDDM group were 0.27 +/- 0.05 nM (n = 4) and were significantly lower than those of the Insulin group (0.89 +/- 0.09 nM, n = 12), the SU group (1.42 +/- 0.10 nM, n = 13), the Diet group (2.47 +/- 0.22 nM, n = 11) and the borderline cases (3.38 +/- 0.22 nM, n = 11). Patients with a 6-min C-peptide concentration below 0.75 nM by GG test appeared to be insulin-requiring patients. In the G test, plasma C-peptide concentrations at 6 min were 0.35 +/- 0.08 nM in the IDDM group (n = 2), 0.72 +/- 0.20 nM in the Insulin group (n = 7), 1.08 +/- 0.09 nM in the SU group (n = 20), 1.40 +/- 0.19 nM in the Diet group (n = 17) and 2.05 +/- 0.21 nM in the borderline cases (n = 12). Some of the Diet group patients showed extremely low C-peptide responses. When comparing the GG test and G test in individual cases, a greater C-peptide response was seen with the GG test in all cases except for IDDM patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Glucagon-glucose (GG) test for the estimation of the insulin reserve in diabetes. 147 58

The binding characteristics of insulin autoantibodies (IAA) were compared with those of antibodies to exogenous insulin (IBA) by analyzing the specific binding, binding capacity and affinity for insulin in 11 children (age range 1.5-13.0 years) with insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) both at diagnosis and after 1 year of insulin treatment. Maximal specific insulin binding was 7.8 (1.5; SE) pmol l-1 for IAA and 28.1 (6.7) pmol l-1 for IBA (P < 0.01), and the binding capacity of the high affinity class of IAA 0.01 (0.003) nmol l-1, as compared with 0.19 (0.08) nmol l-1 for the corresponding IBA class (P < 0.01). With regard to the low-affinity components the binding capacity was 0.11 (0.05) nmol l-1 for IAA and 1.50 (0.95) nmol l-1 for IBA (P < 0.01). No differences in the affinity constants could be observed between IAA and IBA. There was no correlation between the insulin binding of IAA and quantitative levels of islet cell antibodies (ICA) at the clinical presentation or subsequent IBA values. The specific insulin binding of IBA correlated negatively with serum C-peptide concentrations and positively with HbA1 levels at 1 year. The present observations suggest that IAA developing before the diagnosis of IDDM are characterized by a reduced binding capacity as compared with antibodies to exogenous insulin, whereas they have a similar affinity for insulin. IAA seem to be quantitatively unrelated to ICA and postdiagnostic IBA levels. High IBA levels appear to be associated with reduced endogenous insulin secretion and poor metabolic control during the early clinical course of the disease.
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PMID:Autoantibodies to insulin have similar affinity to that of antibodies to exogenous insulin but lower binding capacity. 147 47

It has been suggested that an increased erythrocyte Na-Li countertransport (Na-Li CNT) rate in patients with IDDM is associated to the risk of developing diabetic nephropathy. Little is known, however, about the possible influence of metabolic control on Na-Li activity. Aims of the study were to evaluate Na-Li CNT at the onset of IDDM and during the remission phase and its relationship with some clinical and metabolic parameters. Twelve insulin-dependent diabetic children (6 males, 6 females; mean age 10 +/- 0.6 years) were studied at the onset and 1, 4, 12 months after the diagnosis; 6 of them had a family history of hypertension. Twelve healthy children (6 males, 6 females; mean age 12 +/- 0.3 years) served as controls. As compared to control subjects (212 +/- 24 mumol/l RBC/h), red cell Na-Li countertransport activity of diabetic children was significantly higher at the onset (354 +/- 31 mumol/l RBC/h) of IDDM and at the first month (348 +/- 36 mumol/l RBC/h). Red cell Na-Li countertransport activity returned toward normal range at the fourth (239 +/- 33 mumol/l RBC/h) and twelfth month (162 +/- 34 mumol/l RBC/h). No correlation was found between the values of red cell Na-Li countertransport activity and those of clinical and biochemical parameters at any time. Patients with hypertensive relatives showed at baseline evaluation a significantly higher red cell Na-Li countertransport activity than those without (436 +/- 28 vs 273 +/- 34 mumol/l RBC/h; p < 0.002). This difference, although not statistically significant, was still evident at the late follow-up.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport in diabetic children: 12 months development and relationship with familial hypertension]. 148 60

Blood glycated haemoglobin (HbAlc), serum fructosamine (FA), serum glycated albumin (GA), and serum glycated total protein (GTP) were determined in 61 subjects (19 pregnant women with gestational diabetes, 24 pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [IDDM] and 18 nonpregnant subjects with IDDM). FA, GA, and GTP correlated with HbAlc similarly (r = 0.791, 0.816, and 0.794, respectively, p < 0.001). In a subgroup of 22 subjects data on blood glucose home monitoring was recorded and used for calculating mean blood glucose as an index of average glycaemia preceding sampling of the glycation products. Mean blood glucose levels preceding sampling of HbAlc by 2 months and FA, GA, or GTP by three weeks correlated significantly with HbAlc (r = 0.668, p < 0.001) and GA (r = 0.441, p < 0.05) whereas no significant correlation was found between mean blood glucose and FA (r = 0.003) or GTP (r = 0.252). In conclusion, such methods which measure specifically the non-enzymatic glycation of a single species of protein (i.e. FPLC for HbAlc and affinity chromatography for GA) are to be preferred for assessing glycaemia.
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PMID:Blood glycated haemoglobin, serum fructosamine, serum glycated albumin and serum glycated total protein as measures of glycaemia in diabetes mellitus. 148 24

Sera from 46 newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic patients and from 100 normal controls were screened for ICA Cf ICA (standard immunofluorescence test) and for ICSA (ELISA assay) detection. Among 46 patients, 33 (71.7%) were ICA positive (16 of them also Cf ICA positive) and 21 resulted ICSA positive (45%). No correlation was found between ICSA, ICA and Cf ICA respectively. Therefore the ICSA detection, by a new and sensitive ELISA assay, in addition to ICA immunofluorescence determination, may be of significant diagnostic value in IDDM of recent onset.
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PMID:A new ELISA assay for islet cell surface antibodies determination in type 1 diabetes mellitus of recent onset. 149 Jun 76

To investigate the frequency and etiology of diabetic osteopenia, we measured spinal bone mineral density (SBMD), total body bone mineral density (TBBMD), total body fat and lean body mass in 69 female diabetic patients (14 IDDMs and 55 NIDDMs). SBMD decreased with age in both IDDM and NIDDM, but when expressed as a percentage of age-matched normal Japanese females, some had lower SEMD, but others had normal or increased SBMD. Postmenopausal IDDM patients had lower SBMD than postmenopausal NIDDM patients. Thirteen out of 69 (18.8%) had an SBMD lower than 90% of age-matched controls. SBMD correlated positively with TBBMD. Those with lower SBMD had poor glycemic control, but there was no relation between SBMD and either duration of diabetes or presence of retinopathy and/or nephropathy. IDDM patients had lower 1.25 (OH)2D, osteocalcin than NIDDMs. SBMD correlated negatively with urinary pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline excretion. SBMD correlated positively with body weight, and those with lower SBMD had significantly lower body mass index, body weight, fat weight and lean body mass than those with normal or increased SBMD. These results suggest that IDDM patients may be at higher risk of losing bone postmenopausally, and diabetic patients with lower SBMD have characteristics of poor diabetic control, lean habitus, low serum 1.25 (OH)2D.
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PMID:[Spinal bone mineral density in the female diabetic patients]. 149 83

The acetylator phenotype was determined in 31 insulin-dependent (IDDM) and 110 noninsulin-dependent (NIDDM) Jordanian diabetics, and was compared to that of 160 healthy volunteers of the same ethnic group. Dapsone was used as the test drug. The rapid acetylator phenotype was slightly less frequent in IDDM and slightly more frequent in NIDDM. Neither of the differences was significant. When acetylator status in the two types of diabetes mellitus was compared, there was a significant difference among the two groups. Patients with IDDM had a higher percentage of the slow acetylator phenotype when compared to NIDDM patients. The association between acetylator status and IDDM in Jordanians, which agrees with that reported for the Saudi Arabian population, is the reverse of what is found in European populations. The results demonstrate ethnic differences in acetylator status among IDDM patients.
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PMID:Acetylator phenotypes of Jordanian diabetics. 149 43

Of all the common diseases that have a genetic component, IDDM is probably the most tractable to the experimentalist. Large numbers of nuclear multiplex families are available, which can be stored as permanent cell lines; diagnosis is relatively unambiguous; and a mouse strain, the NOD, spontaneously develops autoimmune IDDM similar to the human disorder. In addition, the resolution and accessibility of the human genome map has been revolutionized by the discovery and widespread application of the PCR, particularly the amplification of short, tandemly repeated segments of DNA called microsatellites, which display high levels of allelic polymorphism. With these reagents, the stage is set for dissection of the genetic factors that control the pathophysiology of IDDM.
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PMID:A practical approach to identification of susceptibility genes for IDDM. 149 54

To detect serum antibodies to GAD in subjects with IDDM, three recombinant mBGAD 67 peptides encompassing the full-length protein were used in an ELISA. In this study 7 of 9 (78%) preclinical IDDM subjects (ICA+ first-degree relatives of a person with IDDM) and 6 of 13 (46%) recent-onset IDDM subjects, but no subjects with Graves' disease (n = 10) or scleroderma (n = 10), nor healthy nondiabetic control subjects (n = 10) had antibodies that reacted with one or more of the recombinant mBGAD peptides. We found no preferential reactivity with any recombinant peptide. Although only 3 preclinical subjects and 1 recent-onset subject had antibodies to all three mBGAD peptides, the results indicate that mBGAD 67 contains at least three B-cell autoepitopes. Compared with an immunoprecipitation assay of native human brain GAD, the ELISA detected 5 of 6 (83%) preclinical and 6 of 6 (100%) recent-onset IDDM subjects. The ELISA should facilitate screening to evaluate the role of autoimmunity to GAD in the development of IDDM.
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PMID:An ELISA for antibodies to recombinant glutamic acid decarboxylase in IDDM. 149 69


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