Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011854 (type 1 diabetes)
 20,749 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of glycaemic control on the early morning plasma glucose rise, 'the dawn phenomenon', was assessed in two matching diabetic patient groups each comprising five NIDDM and two IDDM patients per group, who were otherwise considered to be in poor (HbA1 = 11.2 +/- 0.6%) or good (HbA1 = 7.6 +/- 0.2%) glycaemic control. Hourly plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone were measured between 03.00 and 09.00 h. In all the poorly controlled diabetic patients the mean rise in plasma glucose between 06.00-08.00 and 03.00 h was greater than or equal to 1.0 mmol/l. In contrast, the plasma glucose increment was less than 1.0 mmol/l in the well controlled diabetics. The overnight mean insulin levels in the poor and well controlled patient groups were 19.3 +/- 0.5 and 25.0 +/- 0.6 mU/l (P less than 0.001) respectively. Glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone levels in the early morning showed no significant differences between the two groups. The decline in plasma insulin from 03.00 to 08.00 h and mean cortisol level between 03.00 and 06.00 h were both significantly correlated with the increase in plasma glucose between 03.00 and 08.00 h. We concluded that an increase of 1.0 mmol/l or more in plasma glucose during the early morning is of clinical importance.
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PMID:The dawn phenomenon and diabetes control in treated NIDDM and IDDM patients. 142 38

The role of waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in the metabolic disturbance of IDDM has not been widely explored. Cross-sectional data from the Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study were used to examine the associations between WHR and risk factors for IDDM complications such as lipid or lipoprotein levels, blood pressure and fibrinogen. A total of 586 adults (greater than or equal to 18 years of age) were examined. WHR was calculated as the mean of duplicate waist circumference measurements made at mid-point between the iliac crest and the lower costal margin in mid-axillary line divided by the mean of duplicate maximum hip measures. WHR was positively correlated with total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and fibrinogen univariately for both sexes. WHR was negatively correlated with HDL-cholesterol. These correlations remained significant after adjustment for age among females and became less strong, although still significant, for males. The independent effects of WHR to these IDDM risk factors, assessed by multiple linear regression, indicated WHR was related to adverse lipid and lipoprotein levels, but not to fibrinogen or blood pressure. These findings underscore the importance of targeting intervention to IDDM individuals who have a high WHR to reduce known risk factors for IDDM complications especially those for cardiovascular disease, and is consistent with the hypothesis that insulin resistance may have a role to play in IDDM complications.
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PMID:The association of waist-hip ratio and risk factors for development of IDDM complications in an IDDM adult population. 142 53

Sera from 125 children (mean age 9.5 +/- 3.9; range 0.5-18 years) with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were examined for the presence of antireticulin antibodies (ARA). Fifty-four of these children were followed up over a period of 150-400 days after the onset of the disease with respect to their serum ARA. The indirect immunofluorescence method on human and rat tissue was used to detect autoantibodies. In each serum, the level of islet cell antibodies (ICA) was determined. The prevalence of ARA in our diabetic children (16%) was significantly higher than in normal population (P less than 0.05). In sera of newly diagnosed ICA-negative children, ARA were more frequent than in ICA-positive patients (P less than 0.025). The difference in ARA prevalence was even higher when patients were divided into two groups one with less and one with more than 30 JDFu (P less than 0.005). On the contrary, sera sampled 150-400 days after the manifestation of IDDM revealed neither a positive nor a negative association between ICA and ARA. Thus, the negative association of ARA with ICA in the early stages of IDDM may suggest the role of an autoimmune response to reticulin in part of the IDDM patients, and gives further evidence to the heterogeneity of IDDM.
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PMID:Antireticulin antibodies in sera of children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 142 57

Cytokines, in particular IL-1, released mainly by infiltrating macrophages, can be one of the key mediators of immune-induced beta-cell destruction in IDDM. IL-1 is able to induce suppression of insulin release and biosynthesis in cultured rat pancreatic islets. In addition, the cytokine shows clear cytotoxic effects leading to beta-cell death. The proposed mechanisms of action of IL-1 after binding to the beta-cell receptors are varied. Concerning the cytotoxic effects of the cytokine, the role of oxygen free radicals, mainly derived from arachidonate metabolism (see Fig. 1) is clear, and possibly potentiated by a cytosolic Na(+)-mediated alkalinization of the beta-cell exposed to the cytokine. In fact, an increased influx of Na+ may explain some of the cytotoxicity since it results in concomitant water uptake leading to swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum. NO formation also seems to be related to the cytokine-induced cytotoxicity since inhibition of the NO synthase abolishes the effects of the cytokine (see Fig. 1). In relation to the inhibitory effects of the cytokine on the beta-cell, different studies point toward almost all known second messenger systems already described for several hormones, such as cAMP formation, increased phospholipase C activity, changes in cytosolic Ca++, and altered gene transcription (see Fig. 1). Of particular interest is the protease activation associated with IL-1 (a serine protease) that seems to be clearly connected with the effects of the cytokine upon the beta-cell. In conclusion, the different studies devoted to the problem of IL-1 signal transduction on the beta-cell seem to indicate that the action of the cytokine on the pancreatic insulin-secreting cells is not associated with an individual second messenger system but rather seems to be related to a plurifactorial transduction system.
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PMID:Interleukin-1 and beta-cell function: more than one second messenger? 142 86

The presence of DQA and DQB alleles conferring protection or susceptibility was assessed in a panel of 39 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients and 39 healthy control subjects from the central highland of Ethiopia. The results were grouped into three entities: a combination of alleles conferring susceptibility, a group conferring protection, and a group without any apparent HLA-DQ or -DR predisposition to insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Statistical analysis revealed that the relative risk of the first group is 64.1. If a similar approach is applied to the data on a study in caucasoid IDDM patients and controls of Kahlil and colleagues, the pattern is fully consistent with the data presented here, with an extraordinarily high relative risk (RR 258.2). It will be of interest to study whether this subdivision is reflected or supported by clinical or etiologic differences of the disease. The predictive value of susceptibility phenotypes appears to be more accurate by the proposed subdivision. Furthermore, in combination with islet-cell antibody analysis, assessment of genotype will permit more accurate identification of prediabetic individuals to be entered in clinical trials.
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PMID:Relative contribution of HLA-DQA and -DQB alleles to predisposition to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 142 35

A cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the periodontal status of 85 12-18 year-old French adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) and 38 healthy controls in the same age group. The clinical examination consisted of plaque control and gingival inflammation evaluation and probing attachment level. The interproximal marginal bone level was assessed with bitewing radiographs taken on the first molars and on areas presenting an attachment loss over 2 mm. Diabetic children had significantly more gingival inflammation than children without diabetes, in spite of similar plaque scores. No significant relation between gingival condition and age, Tanner's index, HbAlc level or disease duration could be demonstrated. None of the subjects had sites with attachment loss > or = 3 mm or radiographic signs of periodontitis.
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PMID:Periodontal status in insulin-dependent diabetic adolescents. 143 Feb 90

Functional exploration of the optic pathways with pattern shift visual evoked potentials (PSVEP) has been rapidly accepted as a non-invasive method of investigation of diabetics. For this article, we conducted the PSVEPs study on 46 cases of NIDDM and 13 cases of IDDM. The peak latency, interpeak latency and evoked amplitude of P100 were analyzed in each case. For further correlation, the motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities of the median nerve, blood sugar, serum HbA1c, and duration of DM were measured simultaneously. Two nondiabetic control groups which matched the age and sex of the NIDDM and IDDM groups were used for comparison. In the IDDM group, the results showed prolongation of all peak and interpeak latencies (IPL) except the peak latency of N75 on the right side. The P100 amplitude was reduced as compared with the age-matched young control group. The interocular P100 latency difference (ILD) was not statistically significant between the IDDM group and the age-matched control group. The results of the NIDDM group revealed prolongation of all peak latencies and IPLs. The P100 amplitude and ILD showed no statistically significant difference between NIDDM and the age-matched control group. The prolongation of N 75 peak latency exhibited a linear correlation with duration, HbA1c and median nerve SNCV.
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PMID:[Pattern shift visual evoked potentials in diabetes mellitus]. 143 42

We have used the XI Histocompatibility Workshop sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes to determine the DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 genotypes by dot-blot hybridization of polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-amplified material from a homogenous black population in Zimbabwe. The DR4 subtype DRB1*0405, the DR3 subtype DRB1*0301, DQB1*0201 and DQB1*0302 and DQA1*0301 and DQA1*0501 were significantly increased in the IDDM group compared to the controls, whereas DRB1*11, DQB1*0602 and DQA1*0102 were significantly decreased. Taken together, the data show that susceptibility and resistance to IDDM are associated both with particular haplotypes and DQA1-DQB1 heterodimers without one or other being overriding.
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PMID:Distribution of HLA-DQA1, -DQB1 and DRB1 alleles in black IDDM patients and controls from Zimbabwe. 144 May 68

A 3 year old girl was admitted to hospital in an emaciated condition and with polydipsia in October 1974. Following the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, she received treatment with insulin. On the first admission, a systolic murmur was noted at the apex of the heart. In 1981, the murmur was found to be continuous with a systolic click, and echocardiography demonstrated a mitral valve prolapse. In 1982, electrocardiography revealed left ventricular hypertrophy, and the patient's X-ray showed vertebral kyphoscoliosis. Ophthalmological examination revealed slightly impaired visual acuity and a mild case of cataracts in 1986. The patient grew to be tall and thin with arachnodactylia of the hands, fingers, feet and toes. These symptoms and findings were compatible with Marfan syndrome, although the ophthalmological findings are not specific for this disease. This patient is the first case in Japan of Marfan syndrome associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, although the relation between Marfan syndrome and IDDM remains unclear.
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PMID:Report of a Japanese girl with Marfan syndrome associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 144 30

Diabetic patients are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly when proteinuria is present. Lipoprotein(a)[Lp(a)] levels were assessed in 37 patients with insulin dependent (IDDM) and in 75 patients with non-insulin dependent (NIDDM) diabetes who showed varying degrees of proteinuria and glycaemic control. Median Lp(a) in 112 diabetic patients was significantly greater than in 116 healthy controls (113 vs 48 mg/L; p less than 0.01). 86 of the patients had first morning urine albumin concentration less than 30 mg/L (normoalbuminuria = NA), 16 patients 30-200 mg/L (microalbuminuria = MA) and ten patients greater than 200 mg/L (albuminuria = ALB). There was no significant difference in median Lp(a) concentration between the three groups (NA = 108, MA = 163, ALB = 98 mg/L; p greater than 0.5). No significant difference in median Lp(a) or NIDDM treated with oral agents and/or diet (120, 98, 115 mg/L respectively; p greater than 0.7). When the 86 NA patients were divided on the basis of median fructosamine concentration (357 mumol/L), no significant difference was found in median Lp(a) levels between those grouped below or above this median (98 mg/L vs 118 mg/L; p greater than 0.5). Across all diabetics studied there was no significant correlation present between Lp(a) and urinary protein or glycaemic control. These cross-sectional results suggest that median Lp(a) concentration is increased in both IDDM and NIDDM patients, but this increase is not related to the degree of proteinuria or short-term glycaemic control.
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PMID:Lipoprotein(a) concentration in diabetes: relationship to proteinuria and diabetes control. 144 18


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