Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011854 (type 1 diabetes)
 20,749 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 27-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus was admitted to the Shimane Medical University Hospital because of secondary amenorrhea. She had been treated with insulin since July, 1986. Fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c levels were controlled within normal limits. However, body weight gradually decreased and amenorrhea started in 1988. Physical examination revealed emaciation with BMI of 17.3. Basal levels of plasma T3, somatomedin C, LH, FSH and estradiol levels were low, whereas HGH levels were slightly elevated. Plasma LH markedly increased in response to LHRH administration. She was diagnosed as having weight loss-related hypothalamic amenorrhea. Induction of ovulation was not obtained with clomiphene citrate. Treatment with subcutaneous pulsatile administration of LHRH (20 micrograms every 120 min) resulted in an increase in plasma levels of LH, FSH and estradiol, which was accompanied by ovulation and corpus luteum formation. Further treatment with pulsatile LHRH administration was followed by conception. Two gestational sacs were detected by ultrasonography. One of them was absorbed at the early stage of pregnancy. She was delivered of one healthy female infant without complications. These findings suggest that it is important not only to control plasma glucose levels but to keep the appropriate weight and support the psychological aspects of the subject in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Subcutaneous pulsatile LHRH therapy may be effective for the induction of ovulation in clomiphene-resistant hypothalamic amenorrhea; however, it will be necessary to solve the problem of dosage and the interval of LHRH administration in the future.
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PMID:[A case of type 1 diabetes mellitus with hypothalamic amenorrhea: successful pregnancy following subcutaneous pulsatile administration of LHRH]. 158 22

Human milk lipids contain preformed LCPUFA in considerable amounts, which serve as precursors for the formation of prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and other lipid mediators, as well as essential components in membrane-rich tissues (such as the brain and the retina), thus affecting functional outcomes. Besides a balanced nutrient composition and a number of conditionally essential nutrients, human milk provides different types and classes of bioactive factors, such as enzymes, hormones, and growth factors, many of which appear to have a role in supporting infantile growth and development. The bioactive agents include antimicrobial factors (e.g., secretory IgA, oligosaccharides, FA); anti-inflammatory agents; transporters (e.g., lactoferrin); and digestive enzymes (e.g., BSSL). Several nonpeptide hormones (thyroid hormones, cortisol, progesterone, pregnanediol, estrogens, and artificial contraceptive) and peptide hormones and growth factors (erythropoietin, hHG, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, epidermal growth factor insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, nerve growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha, gastrointestinal regulatory peptides and thyroid-parathyroid hormones) have been isolated and quantitated in human milk. Some of these components are also involved in the maturation of the gastrointestinal tract of the infant. In addition to the passive benefits provided by human milk, several data support the hypothesis that breastfeeding promotes the development of the infant's own immune system, which might confer long-term benefits for the newborn infant. The risk of IDDM, Crohn's disease, and atopic disease is lower in individuals who had been breastfed during infancy. Areas of major interest in human milk research include the study of human milk synthesis and the contributions of dietary composition and maternal metabolism to human milk composition, infantile utilization of human milk components, and the study of bioactive components, such as oligosaccharides, proteins and peptides, and lipids and their in vivo fate and biologic effects in the recipient infant.
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PMID:Nutritional and biochemical properties of human milk: II. Lipids, micronutrients, and bioactive factors. 1039 91

A 75-year-old male showed combined anterior pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD). Basal and TRH-stimulated PRL levels were undetectable. Basal and GRH-stimulated GH levels were very low, and could barely be measured by means of an ultrasensitive enzyme immunoassay. In addition, basal TSH levels were under the normal limit, and TRH-stimulated TSH secretions were impaired. On the other hand, the secretions of ACTH, LH and FSH remained intact. There was no mutation of Pit-1 gene in this patient, and immunohistochemical studies using human pituitary and the patient's serum showed no positive staining. The HLA types frequently detected in lymphocytic hypophysitis were recognized, supporting the view that the CPHD in this case may be caused by lymphocytic hypophysitis, although magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland showed no specific findings. Interestingly, a high titer of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody, suggested that the patient suffered from type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). Five years ago, his thyroid function was normal and the treatment of DM with oral hypoglycemic agent was effective, indicating that the onset of both diseases at least occurred within the last half decade. We report here a rare case of SPIDDM with CPHD which might be caused by lymphocytic hypophysitis.
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PMID:A case of acquired deficiency of pituitary GH, PRL and TSH, associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus. 1525 73

Hypothalamic hamartomas (HH) are rare congenital nonneoplastic lesions of the tuber cinereum, which usually present as precocious puberty of central origin in young girls and respond well to treatment with long acting gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs. No association of this condition with diabetes mellitus of any form has been reported so far. On the other hand, diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents, when it is not autoimmune type 1 diabetes, is difficult to classify. We present a girl with early onset of central precocious puberty at the age of 8 months, due to hypothalamic hamartoma. Treatment with depot of a GnRH analog for a period of 9 years and 8 months was successful, and her puberty continued 6 months after the discontinuation of triptorelin. At the age of 9 years 6 months, the girl presented with diabetes. She was negative for islet, GAD and IA2 antibodies and her insulinemia and C-peptide remained within normal limits during the 2 years of follow-up. Her metabolic control is excellent with a combination of metformin and a low-dose of mixed insulin. To our knowledge, this is the first description of the simultaneous appearance of these two endocrinological conditions.
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PMID:Unique concurrent appearance of two rare conditions in a young girl: central precocious puberty due to hypothalamic hamartoma and uncommon type of diabetes. 2214 83

Various data on type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) have showed that the incidence of T1DM peaks at puberty. However, diabetes control and complications could be adversely affected by the physiological changes of puberty. In early years of insulin therapy, severe growth retardation with pubertal delay, like in Mauriac syndrome, have been reported. Insulin and leptin are metabolic factors, circulating in the periphery, which participate in the hypothalamic control of metabolism and reproduction. Insulin may be an important regulator of leptin in humans. Increased levels of advanced glycation end products suppress activation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator, resulting in pubertal delay. Glycemic control deteriorates during puberty as the lean body mass doubles mainly over a period of 25 years, which increases insulin requirement. There is also an increase in insulin resistance over the period of puberty. In normal individuals, fasting and postprandial insulin concentrations reach a peak in both sexes in mid to late puberty. Puberty, at all stages, has the worst insulin resistance. It has been observed that an excessive GH secretion in T1DM during puberty has significant effects on ketogenesis. Adolescent T1DM tends to decompensate very rapidly and develop ketoacidosis when the late night insulin dose is omitted. Adolescence is a critical developmental phase that presents unique challenges and opportunities to individuals with diabetes, their families and their healthcare providers.
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PMID:Puberty and type 1 diabetes. 2594 52

Puberty is initiated by increased pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release from the hypothalamus. Epigenetic repression is thought to play a crucial role in the initiation of puberty, although the existence of analogous changes in methylation patterns across species is unclear. We analysed mRNA expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and methyl-binding proteins (MBPs) in goats and rats by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). DNA methylation profiles of hypothalamic were determined at the pre-pubertal and pubertal stages by bisulphite sequencing. In this study, expression of DNMTs and MBPs mRNA showed different patterns in goats and rats. Global methylation variation was low in goats and rats, and the profile remained stable during puberty. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed the involvement of 62 pathways in puberty in goats and rats including reproduction, type I diabetes mellitus and GnRH signalling pathways and found that Edn3, PTPRN2 and GRID1 showed different methylation patterns during puberty in goats and rats and similar variation patterns for Edn3 and PTPRN2 were showed. These indicated that Edn3 and PTPRN2 would play a role in the timing of puberty. This study provides evidence of the epigenetic control of puberty.
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PMID:Methylation pattern variation between goats and rats during the onset of puberty. 2957 80