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Query: UMLS:C0011854 (type 1 diabetes)
 20,749 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The differentiation of multipotent stem cells toward a pancreatic lineage provides us with an alternative cell-based therapeutic approach to type 1 diabetes and enables us to study pancreas development. The current study aims to study the effect of growth factors such as activin A or nicotinamide, alone and in combinations with the transcription factor, PDX1 (pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1), on human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) toward a pancreatic lineage. Ectopic expression of Pdx1 followed by treatment of hAECs with nicotinamide for 4 days resulted in strong induction of pancreatic endoderm and pancreatic progenitor genes, including NKX6.1 and NEUROD1. Pancreatic lineage cells expressing PDX1, SOX17, and RFX6 are derived from Pdx1-transduced hAECs treated with activin A or nicotinamide, but not cells treated with activin A or nicotinamide alone. Our study provides a novel culture protocol for generating pancreas-committed cells from hAECs and reveals an interplay between Pdx1 and activin A/nicotinamide signaling in early pancreatic fate determination.
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PMID:Combinations of Activin A or Nicotinamide with the Pancreatic Transcription Factor PDX1 Support Differentiation of Human Amnion Epithelial Cells Toward a Pancreatic Lineage. 2863 50

Insulin is involved in the development of diabetic heart disease and is important in the activities of mitochondrial complex I. However, the effect of insulin on cardiac mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 subunit of retinoic-interferon-induced mortality 19 (GRIM-19) has not been characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of insulin on the mitochondrial GRIM-19 in the hearts of rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes. Protein changes of GRIM-19 were evaluated by western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the effects of insulin on mitochondrial complex I were detected in HeLa cells and H9C2 cardiac myocytes. During the development of diabetic heart disease, the cardiac function did not change within the 8 weeks, but the mitochondrial morphology was altered. The hearts from the rats with STZ-induced diabetes exhibited reduced expression of GRIM-19. Prior to the overt cardiac dilatation, mitochondrial alterations were already present. Following subcutaneous insulin injection, it was demonstrated that GRIM-19 protein was altered, as well as the mitochondrial morphology. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 had an effect on insulin signaling in H9C2 cardiacmyocytes, and decreased the level of GRIM-19 by half compared with that in the insulin group. The results indicate that insulin is essential for the control of cardiac mitochondrial morphology and the GRIM-19 expression partly via PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.
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PMID:Insulin upregulates GRIM-19 and protects cardiac mitochondrial morphology in type 1 diabetic rats partly through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. 2886 81

The introduction of chemical compounds in diabetes modeling can't adequately reflect the development of the disease. However, the choice of an experimental model of diabetes type 1 or 2 is largely determined by the purpose of the research: testing of pharmacological activity, genetic research or clarifying the mechanisms of disease development. The high cost of respective genetic lines of laboratory animals, the complexity of reproduction of the model, the special conditions of care and a high degree of inbreeding determine the necessity for the development, testing, and improvement of non-genetic models. The most widely used chemical models of type 1 diabetes in modern experimental diabetology are alloxan models and of type 2 or mixed type diabetes are streptozotocin models. Sensitivity to the introduction of the diabetogenic compounds can essentially depend on the species, but also on animal genetic line and its age. The results of studies in which the injection of streptozotocin (STZ) to laboratory animals (mice and rats) simulated type 2 diabetes are shown. It is noted thatpre-treatment with nicotinamide can simulate the state more appropriate to type 2 diabetes. Taking into account the leading role of abdominal obesity as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, considerable attention in the article is paid to the modeling of type 2 diabetes by STZ-injection and high-fat diet. As alternative models of a type 2 diabetes in rodents also induce by streptozotocin injection and high fructose diet. The combined effect of low dose STZ and high fructose diet allows in relatively short period induce the development of type 2 diabetes in rats. It is concluded that the modeling of diabetes by STZ injection are widely demand for the optimization screening of biologically active substances with antidiabetic action in experiments in vivo and is a step before their clinical trials in the composition of specialized preventive and therapeutic products.
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PMID:[Streptozotocin induced diabetes rat models]. 2938 Oct 15

A number of studies have investigated primary and secondary prevention strategies for type 1 diabetes (T1D), since early interventions might improve long-term outcomes through the amelioration of immune processes and the preservation of beta-cell mass. Primary prevention trials focus on genetically at-risk individuals prior to the appearance of autoimmunity, whereas secondary prevention trials aim to halt the progression of complete beta-cell destruction in subjects with established islet autoimmunity (IA). Different approaches have been tested so far, focusing on both pharmaceutical (insulin and monoclonal antibodies) and non-pharmaceutical (vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, probiotics, and nicotinamide) interventions, as well as on environmental factors that are believed to trigger autoimmunity in T1D (cow's milk, gluten, and bovine insulin). Albeit certain strategies have displayed efficacy in reducing IA development rates, most efforts have been unsuccessful in preventing the onset of the disease in high-risk individuals. Moreover, significant heterogeneity in study designs, included populations, and explored outcomes renders the interpretation of study results challenging. The aim of this narrative review is to present and critically evaluate primary and secondary prevention strategies for T1D, seeking to fill existing knowledge gaps and providing insight into future directions.
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PMID:Prevention strategies for type 1 diabetes: a story of promising efforts and unmet expectations. 3241 50


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