Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011854 (type 1 diabetes)
 20,749 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Inositol phosphoglycan molecules containing either D-chiro-inositol or myo-inositol have been isolated from various mammalian tissues and are putative mediators of insulin action. Urinary excretion of inositols appears to be altered in diabetes mellitus; however, the relationships with different types of diabetes are unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the urinary excretion of chiro- and myo-inositol in diabetic animal models, including streptozotocin (STZ) rats, db/db mice, and fa/fa Zucker rats. In STZ rats (type 1 diabetes), 12-hr urinary excretion of chiro-inositol was elevated 336-fold and myo-inositol excretion was elevated 47-fold compared with their nondiabetic counterparts. When corrected for creatinine, chiro-inositol excretion was 259-fold higher and myo-inositol excretion was 36-fold higher in STZ rats than in normal rats. The same pattern was observed in db/db mice (type 2 diabetes), where 12-hr urinary chiro-inositol excretion was elevated 247-fold compared with normal mice. When corrected for creatinine, chiro-inositol excretion was 2455-fold higher and urinary myo-inositol excretion was elevated 8.5-fold in db/db mice compared with normal mice. The fa/fa Zucker rats (impaired glucose tolerance) had a pattern of urinary inositol excretion that was similar to the nondiabetic animals (lean Zucker rats, C57BL/6 mice, and Sprague-Dawley rats). In summary, urinary chiro-inositol and myo-inositol excretion was elevated in animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, concomitant with hyperglycemia and glucosuria.
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PMID:Urinary chiro-inositol and myo-inositol excretion is elevated in the diabetic db/db mouse and streptozotocin diabetic rat. 1296 62

Glucose metabolism is pivotal for energy and neurotransmitter synthesis and homeostasis, particularly in Glutamate and GABA systems. In turn, the stringent control of inhibitory/excitatory tonus is known to be relevant in neuropsychiatric conditions. Glutamatergic neurotransmission dominates excitatory synaptic functions and is involved in plasticity and excitotoxicity. GABAergic neurochemistry underlies inhibition and predicts impaired psychophysical function in diabetes. It has also been associated with cognitive decline in people with diabetes. Still, the relation between metabolic homeostasis and neurotransmission remains elusive. Two 3T proton MR spectroscopy studies were independently conducted in the occipital cortex to provide insight into inhibitory/excitatory homeostasis (GABA/Glutamate) and to evaluate the impact of chronic metabolic control on the levels and regulation (as assessed by regression slopes) of the two main neurotransmitters of the CNS in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Compared to controls, participants with T2DM showed significantly lower Glutamate, and also GABA. Nevertheless, higher levels of GABA/Glx (Glutamate+Glutamine), and lower levels of Glutamate were associated with poor metabolic control in participants with T2DM. Importantly, the relationship between GABA/Glx and HbA1c found in T2DM supports a relationship between inhibitory/excitatory balance and metabolic control. Interestingly, this neurometabolic profile was undetected in T1DM. In this condition we found strong evidence for alterations in MRS surrogate measures of neuroinflammation (myo-Inositol), positively related to chronic metabolic control. Our results suggest a role for Glutamate as a global marker of T2DM and a sensitive marker of glycemic status. GABA/Glx may provide a signature of cortical metabolic state in poorly controlled patients as assessed by HbA1c levels, which indicate long-term blood Glucose control. These findings are consistent with an interplay between abnormal neurotransmission and metabolic control in particular in type 2 diabetes thereby revealing dissimilar contributions to the pathophysiology of neural dysfunction in both types of diabetes.
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PMID:The neurometabolic profiles of GABA and Glutamate as revealed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. 3312 Apr 6