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Query: UMLS:C0011854 (type 1 diabetes)
 20,749 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of this study was to describe our experience in the Bayamon region with respect to the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in our pediatric diabetic population. We identified a total of 78 patients with IDDM and all were examined to ascertain the presence of goiter. Thyroid profile, free thyroxine, thyrotropin, and thyroid microsomal autoantibodies were measured by radioimmunoassay in 65 of these patients. The data was analyzed using the Chi square test in order to correlate thyroid dysfunction with respect to sex and thyroid autoimmunity. Our results revealed a prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in our IDDM patients of 15%, 40% of them had a goiter (p less than 001) and most of them were female (9 of 12). This is the lowest prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in diabetic children reported in Hispanic groups in the United States thus far.
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PMID:Prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in the Bayamon region. 204 29

Another autoimmune disease was found to accompany insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in 14% of the young diabetics (n = 14) studied. Thyroid autoimmune disease was the most common of the accompanying autoimmune diseases, and was detected in 11% (n = 15) of the patients. Two thirds of the IDDM patients with autoimmune thyroiditis were hypothyroid, one was hyperthyroid, and 20% lacked detectable thyroid antibodies when thyroid disease was diagnosed. Coeliac disease was found in 2% of the patients, and one had Addison's disease. Autoantibodies were found in one third of the patients. Thyroid microsomal antibodies were detected in 22% of the patients, IgA anti-gliadin in 11%, gastric parietal cell antibodies in 3% and rheumatoid factor in 7%. Autoimmune disease and the relevant autoantibodies coexisted in 11% of the patients. Autoimmune disorders and autoantibodies were not associated to any particular HLA type. The distribution of the HLA-types in the patients was unusual in that the frequency of HLA-DR3 was not increased. The value of autoantibody tests in the diagnosis of functional disorders of the thyroid and of coeliac disease are discussed.
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PMID:Autoantibodies and autoimmune diseases in young diabetics. 213 5

Rubella virus is a possible environmental agent which may be involved in triggering autoimmunity to pancreatic islet cells, leading to Type 1 diabetes. Autoantibody responses were determined in 239 10-year-old girls who received live attenuated rubella vaccine, of whom 61 (26%) had no pre-existing rubella immunity. Islet cell antibodies (ICA greater than 5 Juvenile Diabetes Foundation (JDF) units) were present in seven (2.9%) girls before vaccination, and they appeared in three more 6 weeks after vaccination (4.2%). However, the ICA levels were low in all cases and of the three girls who developed ICA greater than 5 JDF units 6 weeks post-vaccination, none had detectable ICA 18 months later. IgG-insulin autoantibodies were present in 17 (7.1%) girls before vaccination, and their prevalence decreased after vaccination (5.4%). Thyroid antibodies (thyroglobulin and microsomal) were present in 2% and 1%, respectively, of the girls before vaccination and none appeared afterwards. Thus, rubella vaccination did not elicit widespread endocrine autoantibody production and viral triggering of endocrine autoimmunity in susceptible subjects remains an open question.
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PMID:Does exposure to rubella virus generate endocrine autoimmunity? 214 69

Among the various autoantibody tests applied in research and clinical practice, the determination of thyroid microsomal (TMAb) and thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) still retains its strong value in the screening for thyroid autoimmunity. The presence in the serum of TMAb is almost invariably associated with thyroid autoimmune disease or focal thyroiditis. The appearance of TMAb together with elevated serum-TSH in subclinical autoimmune thyroiditis strongly suggests progression to overt hypothyroidism. Pregnant women with positive TMAb and/or TgAb run an increased risk for post-partum painless thyroiditis with transient thyrotoxicosis and subsequent hypothyroidism. After delivery also a relapse of previously unrecognized Graves' thyrotoxicosis may occur. Thyroid antibody determination is not a valuable tool to discriminate autoimmune thyroiditis from thyroid malignancies. TMAb and TgAb determination helps to recognize individuals with thyroid autoimmunity among patients with non-thyroid autoimmune diseases such as Addison's disease and Type I diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:On the clinical importance of thyroid microsomal and thyroglobulin antibody determination. 347 12

Pancreatic islet cell, thyroid, gastric parietal cell, and adrenal autoantibodies were studied in 110 young insulin-dependent diabetics (type I; IDDM), 12 non-insulin-dependent diabetics (NIDDM), 26 patients with pancreatic diabetes, and 123 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All the patients were aged 30 years or under at the onset of diabetes. Islet cell antibody was found in 31% of the patients with IDDM, but in only one patient with NIDDM, one patient with pancreatic diabetes, and one healthy control subject. Thyroid, parietal cell, and/or adrenal antibodies were present in 26% of the IDDM patients, 17% of the NIDDM patients, 12% of the patients with pancreatic diabetes, and 19% of the control subjects. There was no association between the presence of islet cell antibody and other organ-specific autoantibodies and any particular HLA phenotype. Data from the North Indian study have been compared with those from other populations of the world, similarities and differences have been brought out, and their significance has been discussed. The relative contribution of the autoimmune component in the etiopathogenesis of different forms of diabetes mellitus varies among the different populations of the world, accounting to some extent for the observed differences in incidence and clinical profiles.
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PMID:Autoimmunity in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in North India. 703 29

Iodine is a trace element present in the human body in minute amounts (15-20 mg in adults, i.e. 0.0285 x 10(-3)% of body weight). The only confirmed function of iodine is to constitute an essential substrate for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, tetraiodothyronine, thyroxine or T4 and triiodothyronine, T3 (1). In thyroxine, iodine is 60% by weight. Thyroid hormones, in turn, play a decisive role in the metabolism of all cells of the organism (2) and in the process of early growth and development of most organs, especially of the brain (3). Brain development in humans occurs from fetal life up to the third postnatal year (4). Consequently, a deficit in iodine and/or in thyroid hormones occurring during this critical period of life will result not only in the slowing down of the metabolic activities of all the cells of the organism but also in irreversible alterations in the development of the brain. The clinical consequence will be mental retardation (5). When the physiological requirements of iodine are not met in a given population, a series of functional and developmental abnormalities occur (Table 1), including thyroid function abnormalities and, when iodine deficiency is severe, endemic goiter and cretinism, endemic mental retardation, decreased fertility rate, increased perinatal death, and infant mortality. These complications, which constitute an hindrance to the development of the affected population, are grouped under the general heading of Iodine Deficiency Disorders, IDD (6). Broad geographic areas exist in which the population is affected by IDD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Iodine deficiency in Europe. 771 23

The impact of type 1 diabetes mellitus on liver gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, a premalignant marker, was studied. Diabetes was induced in male Sprague Dawley and Fischer 344 rats by administration of Streptozotocin, which produced a stable and moderately severe diabetic state. In liver homogenates, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase was increased over control levels: 1.2, 8.1 and 13.2 fold in Sprague-Dawley rats; 4.8, 58.4 and 84.7 fold in Fischer 344 rats; at 1, 3 and 6 weeks following Streptozotocin treatment. In plasma membranes isolated from the livers of Fischer 344 rats, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase was increased over control levels: 5.6, 75 and 127 fold at weeks 1, 3 and 6 following Streptozotocin treatment. The relative specific activity of 5'-nucleotidase was found to be similar: 9-14, indicating comparable degrees of plasma membrane purity. Plasma glutamate-pyruvate transaminase levels were minimally and similarly affected at all time points indicating lack of association of increasing gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity with overt liver damage. Thyroid hormone replacement, with both T3 (0.6 micrograms/Kg) once a day and T4 (6.0 micrograms/kg) twice a day for three days elicited a further 30% increment in enzyme activity. Insulin replacement (20-40 units/200 g body weight) twice a day for five days reduced enzyme activity 51% at week 6. This was associated with an increase in gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in the plasma from 14 fold over control levels in the diabetic state at week 6 to 53 fold over control levels after insulin replacement at week 6. It is proposed that the diabetes-induced increase in gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase is reduced by an insulin-directed shedding of the enzyme into the plasma.
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PMID:The impact of type I diabetes on rat liver gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. 786 3

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDMM) is often associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) and a high prevalence of thyroid antibodies (TA). Ultrasound imaging of the thyroid may contribute to the evaluation of patients with AIT. We therefore investigated ultrasound findings of the thyroid in 83 IDDM patients (44F, 39M) with an age range of 2.3-22.3 yrs (median 11.1). Thyroid volume (ml) determined by ultrasound ranged between 1.3 and 17.9 (median 5.7). Thyroid volumes of 75 healthy children (32F, 43M) with an age range of 2.0 to 11.8 yrs (median 7.6) ranged between 1.6 and 13.2 ml (median 4.8) and did not show a significant difference from the IDDM group from age 4 to 12. TA were positive in 18.8% of the IDDM group. Thyroid volume was higher in TA (+) diabetics (p = 0.05), a finding which may be attributed to a higher percentage of cases with elevated TSH in the TA (+) group. Two diabetic patients showed non-homogeneous hypoechogenicity in the ultrasound compatible with AIT which was later confirmed in one of these cases by aspiration biopsy. Ultrasound imaging of the thyroid may contribute to the evaluation of patients with AIT in IDDM.
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PMID:Thyroid ultrasound in IDDM. 791 May 7

Postpartum thyroid dysfunction (PPTD) is a common autoimmune disorder. Type I diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is an autoimmune disease with a high incidence of concomitant autoimmune thyroid failure. We hypothesized that women with IDDM would have an increased incidence of PPTD. Women with IDDM in New York City, were followed prospectively during the second and third trimester of pregnancy and at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 1 yr postpartum. A long-term follow-up was performed at 31 months postpartum. Forty-one women with IDDM were recruited at their initial prenatal visit. Two women (4.8%) had thyroid function test abnormalities observed at screening, three (7.3%) had a spontaneous miscarriage, and eight (19.5%) women were noncompliant with follow-up. Twenty-eight women (68.2%) completed the study. Thyroid function tests and thyroid autoantibody determinations were obtained at all visits. PPTD was defined as a TSH greater than 5.0 or less than 0.2 mU/L in the postpartum period with documented normal thyroid function tests during pregnancy. The incidence of PPTD in women with IDDM was 25%. This is a 3-fold increase compared to a similar study by our group in a nondiabetic population. Forty-three percent of the women (3/7) who developed PPTD required treatment in the immediate postpartum period and at long-term follow-up. The remainder of the women with PPTD, as well as all women who did not develop PPTD were euthyroid at 31 months postpartum. Women with IDDM are at high risk for PPTD. We recommend that all women with IDDM be screened for thyroid hormonal abnormalities during pregnancy and at 3 months postpartum for postpartum thyroid dysfunction. Long-term follow-up did not reveal an increased incidence of hypothyroidism in women who did not require treatment in the first postpartum year.
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PMID:Long-term prospective study of postpartum thyroid dysfunction in women with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. 802 56

Diabetic patients have increased chances of developing autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid autoantibodies (Th-AAb) are more frequent in IDDM children than in the general population, ranging between 7 and 40%. As markers of thyroid autoimmunity, we assessed Th-AAb (MsA and TgA) cross-sectionally in 212 children and adolescents (93 girls and 119 boys) aged 1.2-21 years with IDDM from 0-18 years, and longitudinally in 90/212 (43 girls and 47 boys) at diagnosis and during a 3-10 year follow-up. In the cross-sectional study Th-AAb were found in 22/93 girls (23.7%) and 13/119 boys (10.9%). In the longitudinal study Th-AAb were observed at diagnosis in 6 patients, and during the follow-up in 9 girls. In 11/15 Th-AAb positive patients anti-nuclear antibodies were also present. Hormonal assessment revealed hypothyroidism in 3 girls (afterwards on replacement therapy), thyroid ultrasonography showed abnormal patterns in 5 girls, fine needle aspiration biopsy confirmed Hashimoto's thyroiditis in 9 (8 girls and 1 boy), with a higher frequency than that reported among healthy subjects (1-2%). Thyrotoxicosis also occurs with increased frequency in diabetic children than in the general population. We observed Graves' disease in only 1/212 IDDM patients, a 13 year-old boy in whom thyrotoxicosis developed 4 years after diabetes was diagnosed. The high prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in our patients, particularly in females, suggests that diabetic children and adolescents should be screened for thyroid autoimmunity even if asymptomatic for hypo- or hyperthyroidism. Patients with IDDM and autoimmune thyroid disease should be evaluated for autoantibodies against other organs, such as adrenal glands and gastric mucosa. It is known that patients affected by type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) may have autoantibodies against different organs, such as thyroid, adrenal glands, gastric mucosa, parathyroid, with or without evident dysfunction of the target organ /1-8/. Among organ-specific disorders, autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) is frequently associated with IDDM and the presence of thyroid autoantibodies (Th-AAb) has been considered a risk factor for the development of hypo- or hyperthyroidism /9/.
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PMID:IDDM and autoimmune thyroid disease in the pediatric age group. 888 58


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