Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011854 (type 1 diabetes)
 20,749 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The pathogenetic determinants of sodium retention in IDDM are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to elucidate the action of ANP in 11 IDDM patients with high GFR (greater than or equal to 135 ml.min-1 x 1.73 m-2), referred to here as HF patients; in 10 IDDM patients with normal GFR (greater than 90 and less than 135 ml.min-1 x 1.73 m-2), referred to here as NF patients; and 12 control subjects, here called C subjects, at baseline and during saline infusion administered on the basis of either body weight (2 mmol.kg-1 x 60 min-1; Saline 1) or of ECV (12 mM.ECVL-1 x 90 min-1; Saline 2) during euglycemic insulin-glucose clamp. C subjects and both HF and NF IDDM patients received a second Saline 1 infusion accompanied by ANP infusion (0.02 microgram.kg-1.min-1) at euglycemic levels. HF and NF patients were studied again after 3 mo of treatment with (10 mg/day). Quinapril (CI 906, Malesci, Florence, Italy), an ACE inhibitor without sulfhydryl group. At baseline, both HF and NF IDDM patients had higher plasma ANP concentrations than C subjects (HF, 36 +/- 4, P less than 0.01 and NF, 34 +/- 3, P less than 0.01 vs. C, 19 +/- 3 pg/ml). Plasma ANP and natriuretic response to isotonic volume expansion was impaired both in HF (44 +/- 8 pg/ml, NS vs. base) and NF (40 +/- 7 pg/ml, NS vs. base) compared with C (41 +/- 4 pg/ml, P less than 0.01 vs. base) during Saline 1. On the contrary, plasma ANP response to Saline 2 was similar in HF and NF patients and C subjects, but IDDM patients had still lower urinary sodium excretion rates. The simultaneous administration of ANP and Saline 1 resulted in comparable plasma ANP plateaus in C subjects and HF and NF patients. However, urinary sodium excretion rate was significantly lower in HF and NF patients than in C subjects: HF, 267 +/- 64, P less than 0.01 and NF, 281 +/- 42, P less than 0.01 vs. C, 424 +/- 39 mumol.min-1 x 1.73 m-2. During simultaneous administration of ANP and Saline 1, GFR and FF increased in C subjects, but not in HF and NF patients. HF and NF patients had higher urinary vasodilatory prostanoid excretion rates than C subjects at baseline. Saline infusion did not change urinary excretion rate of prostanoids either in C subjects or IDDM patients (both NF and HF).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Role of atrial natriuretic peptide in the pathogenesis of sodium retention in IDDM with and without glomerular hyperfiltration. 138 91

We randomly administered thyrotropin-releasing hormone (200 micrograms, as an i.v. bolus) or control saline (in isovolumic amount) to 30 male diabetic subjects (23 IDDM, 7 NIDDM) in fair metabolic control (HbA1 9.7 +/- 0.3%, means +/- SEM) and to 12 healthy male controls on two different mornings. While GH in the basal state was similar in IDDM, NIDDM and normal subjects, TRH administration evoked a significant GH release only in a single IDDM individual. The only GH-responder to TRH was a newly-diagnosed (two weeks) IDDM patient, still with a high glycated hemoglobin level (HbA1 11.1%), despite normal plasma glucose levels. Saline infusion did not affect GH concentrations either in normals or in diabetics. Exaggerated GH responses to TRH are uncommon in diabetic patients in good metabolic conditions.
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PMID:Inappropriate growth-hormone (GH) response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) occurs infrequently in well-regulated diabetes mellitus. 211 57

Effects of epinephrine (Epi) infusion on the absorption of subcutaneously injected 125I-labeled soluble human insulin (10 U) from the thigh or the abdomen were studied in 16 healthy subjects and from the thigh in 10 insulin-dependent diabetic (IDDM) patients. Epi was infused at 0.3 (high dose) or 0.1 (low dose; healthy subjects) nmol.kg-1.min-1 i.v., resulting in arterial plasma Epi levels of approximately 6 and 2 nM, respectively. Saline was infused on a control day. Insulin absorption was measured as disappearance of radioactivity from the injection site and as appearance of plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI). Adipose tissue blood flow was measured with the 133Xe clearance technique. First-order disappearance rate constants of 125I from the thigh depot decreased approximately 40-50% during the high dose of Epi compared with control (P less than .001). The corresponding decrease from the abdominal depot was approximately 40% (P less than .001), whereas no significant change was found during the low Epi dose. IRI fell compared with control in all groups at the high Epi dose. The Epi-induced depression of insulin absorption occurred despite unaltered or even slightly increased subcutaneous blood flow. The results indicate that circulating Epi at levels seen during moderate physical stress depresses the absorption of soluble insulin from subcutaneous injection sites to an extent that might be important for glycemic control in IDDM patients. Furthermore, dissociation is found between changes in insulin absorption and subcutaneous blood flow during Epi infusion, suggesting that factors other than blood flow may also influence the absorption of subcutaneously injected insulin.
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PMID:Influence of circulating epinephrine on absorption of subcutaneously injected insulin. 328 90

The Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) study was one of the topics of Genetic Analysis Workshop IV (GAW IV) discussed October 7 - 8 at a pre-workshop meeting and presented October 9, 1985 at the American Society of Human Genetics meeting in Salt Lake City. The aim of the study was to have different groups analyze an identical body of real data in order to compare their analytical methods and the results based on their different approaches. This summary describes the available datasets and presents the main results of the nine participating groups. The detailed descriptions of analytical methods and results are presented in the individual papers following this overview. Although differing analytical methods were used there were no discrepancies regarding the interpretation of the data. Whereas the presented gametic associations were well established before, the real gain of this workshop was the unanimous result that the recessive 2-allele-model with incomplete penetrance had to be rejected and at least a 3-allele-model with differing susceptibility alleles and differing penetrances for heterozygotes and homozygotes had to be postulated for the transmission of IDDM.
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PMID:Genetic analysis workshop IV: insulin dependent diabetes mellitus--summary. 347 63

To characterize its insulin-antagonistic effect, growth hormone (GH) was infused at variable rates (24, 12 or 6 mU kg-1 min-1) for 1 h in 7 IDDM patients. Saline infusion was used as control (C) and all patients participated in all studies. The effect of insulin was measured with the euglycaemic clamp technique for 6 h combined with d-(3-3H)-glucose to evaluate glucose turnover. The insulin levels during the clamps were similar in all studies (23 +/- 3 mU l-1). The infusions produced peak GH levels of (24 rate = 24) 157 +/- 11, (12 rate = 12) 76 +/- 7, and (6 rate = 6) 45 +/- 8 mU l-1 (mean +/- SEM). The insulin-antagonistic effect of GH on glucose uptake was seen after 2 h and was at a maximum 4 to 5 h after the start of the GH infusion (difference in glucose infusion rate between C and 24 was 1.7 +/- 0.4 mg kg-1 min-1, p < 0.01). The resistance was due to a less pronounced effect of insulin to both inhibit rate of appearance and to stimulate rate of disappearance. Infusion of GH at 12 mU kg-1 min-1 induced a less pronounced insulin resistance both with regards to maximal effect (glucose infusion rate C - GH 1.4 +/- 0.5 mg kg-1 min-1, p < 0.05) and duration (3 h). At 6 mU kg-1 min-1, a clear GH-induced insulin-antagonistic effect was only seen during the third hour of the clamp (glucose infusion rate C-GH 1.3 +/- 0.5 mg kg-1 min-1, p < 0.05). GH infusion impaired the effect of insulin to lower both the levels of free fatty acids (NEFA) and glycerol between 2 and 5 h after the start of the infusion (NEFA, C:110 +/- 29, 24:303 +/- 95, p < 0.05: glycerol, C:32 +/- 4, 24:50 +/- 7 mumol l-1, p < 0.05). The present study therefore demonstrates that the insulin-antagonistic effect of GH in IDDM is related to the plasma levels both with regard to duration and response. The results also indicate that GH impairs the effect of insulin on lipolysis in IDDM after physiological peaks.
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PMID:Characterization of the insulin-antagonistic effect of growth hormone in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 858 32

The urinary iodine excretions of women (15-40 y) and young children (< or = 6 y) from two longhouse villages in the iodine-deficient district of Lubok Antu, Sarawak, were compared. One longhouse (Mengkak) was provided with freshly produced iodized salt every two months (one kg per family) while the other (Menjiling) was provided with iodized water via fortification of the village piped-water supply. Spot urines were collected for iodine determination at baseline and at 6 and 12 months after the start of the study. Salt and water samples were collected at monthly intervals. Goiter assessment was performed on the women at the start and end of the one-year study. The mean iodine concentrations in the salt samples from Mengkak and Menjiling were, respectively, 47.1 +/- 9.7 mg/kg (n = 60) and 0.8 +/- 3.4 mg/kg (n = 60) while the mean iodine concentration in the water samples from Menjiling was 138.6 +/- 43.2 micrograms/L (n = 24); iodine could not be detected in the water samples from Mengkak. There were significant and sustained increases in median urinary iodine excretions of both women and young children in Menjiling; in Mengkak, however, significant and sustained increases in median urinary iodine excretions were observed only in women while the median urinary iodine excretions of children remained essentially unchanged throughout the study period. Goiter prevalences in the women were reduced in both longhouses. The above observations reveal the inadequacy of iodized salt as a vehicle for iodine delivery to young rural Sarawakian children and indicate the need for other means of delivering supplemental iodine to this age group in areas where salt iodization is the only strategy for IDD control. In contrast, iodization of village water supply by itself is adequate in delivering iodine uniformly to the whole community.
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PMID:Salt: an ineffective vehicle for iodine delivery to young children in rural Sarawak. 908 92

Forty-three cases of diabetic ketosis were analysed to determine the mode of presentation, treatment modalities and outcome. Among these cases 62.8% were non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients and 37.2% belonged to the insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) group. Six patients had blood glucose levels of more than 250 mg/dl but less than 300 mg/dl who were grouped separately for analysis under the term "euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis (EGDK)". Infection was the commonest precipitating factor in diabetic ketosis in all groups. Abdominal pain and vomiting occurred with NIDDM and EGDK cases. Drowsiness was common and coma was rare. Acute myocardial infarction (MI) and pulmonary oedema occurred with NIDDM cases. Shock, acidosis, acquired respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and mucor mycosis were seen with IDDM cases. Mortality was 7 out of 43(16.3%). Saline requirement was lower in NIDDM and EGDK cases. Intensive insulin therapy with hourly intravenous doses were needed for IDDM cases while majority of NIDDM cases could be managed with 6 hourly doses of insulin given subcutaneously or intramuscularly.
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PMID:Changing profile of diabetic ketosis. 956 97

Oxygen free radicals have been shown to interfere with pancreatic islet beta cell function and integrity, and have been implicated in autoimmune type 1 diabetes. We hypothesized that the spontaneous autoimmune type 1 diabetes of the BB rat would be prevented by in vivo administration of a free-radical spin trap, alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN). Twenty-eight diabetes-prone (BBdp) and 13 non-diabetes-prone (BBn) rats received PBN (10 mg/kg) subcutaneously twice daily, and 27 BBdp and 12 BBn rats received saline as controls. Rats were treated from age 47 +/- 6 days until diabetes onset or age 118 +/- 7 days. PBN caused no growth, biochemical, or hematological side effects. Sixteen control BBdp rats became diabetic (BBd, mean age 77 +/- 6 days) and six demonstrated impaired glucose tolerance (IGT rats). The incidence of diabetes and IGT was not different in PBN-treated BBdp rats. Saline-treated rats showed no differences in pancreatic malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of BBd, IGT rats, and the BBdp that did not develop diabetes, versus BBn rats (2.38 +/- 0.35 nmoL/g). Among rats receiving PBN, BBn had lower pancreatic MDA than BBd and IGT rats (1.38 +/- 0.15 vs. 1.88 +/- 0.15 and 2.02 +/- 0.24 nmoL/g, p < 0.05), but not than BBdp rats (1.78 +/- 0.12 nmoL/g, ns). BBn rats receiving PBN also had lower pancreatic MDA than the saline controls (p < 0.05). Thus, PBN is remarkably nontoxic and is able to decrease MDA in the absence of the autoimmune process, but does not prevent diabetes. A combination of PBN with other complementary antioxidant agents may hold better promise for disease prevention.
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PMID:Effect of alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone on diabetes and lipid peroxidation in BB rats. 1053 89

It is estimated that 1,570 million people are at risk of iodine deficiency. Because of the wide spectrum of disorders that IDD includes, and lack of any obvious association between iodine deficiency and its health effects, IDD is not perceived as a major public health problem. For any disease to be effectively controlled, awareness at all levels from community to policy makers is necessary. This study was conducted to assess knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding iodine deficiency Disorders in Car Nicobar districts of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The population is predominantly tribals involved in coconut plantations. All the village heads of the sixteen villages and parents of 10% of the school children examined for goiter were interviewed. Initial focus group discussions were conducted as no prior knowledge about local names for goitre or other related IDD information was available. The interview schedule was designed in English which was then translated into Hindi and Nicobarese and back translated into Hindi and English. A total of 114 persons were interviewed 60 males, 54 females. The local name for goiter was "Rulo" and 44% felt that it only affected females. No one had correct knowledge of the cause of goiter. About half of the respondents believed that these swellings caused problems. Sixty three (55.3%) of respondents believed that there was treatment, of which 33 said there was medical treatment, 18 respondents said traditional treatment by "LAM-EEN" and 12 felt that both therapies are required. Majority (85%) brought salt samples from the Government canteen. They did not now whether this salt was iodised. Salt was not washed before use and storage practice was satisfactory. The awareness about IDD needs reinforcement. At present the community is a passive participant in the I.D.D. Control Programme.
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PMID:Knowledge beliefs and practices regarding iodine deficiency disorders among the tribals in Car Nicobar. 1077 54

Previous studies have reported that high-salt intake paradoxically activates tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) in type 1 diabetes. Using Zucker lean (ZL) and diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats on normal and high-salt diets, renal hemodynamics and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) were characterized. On normal salt diet, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was higher in ZDF than ZL rats. Autoregulation of GFR was less efficient and lithium clearance was lower in ZDF rats than ZL rats. Salt load reduced GFR in ZDF rats with restoration of lithium clearance and partial improvement in autoregulatory index (AI). The administration of 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, a selective adenosine-1 receptor antagonist to ZDF rats on a high-salt diet abolished the improvement of AI in GFR. However, this effect was seen by neither (Cx40)GAP27 nor (Cx37,43)GAP27, which inhibits connexin (Cx) 40 or Cx37. Renal ANG II was higher in ZDF than ZL rats on normal salt diet, but the difference was eliminated by a salt load. The present data provide the first demonstration for a salt paradox in type 2 diabetes and implicate that in addition to Cx alterations, an enhanced proximal reabsorption attenuates TGF, underlying glomerular hyperfiltration and RAS activation. These data suggest that a high-salt diet standardizes distal delivery in diabetes, suppressing the RAS, and improving GFR autoregulation and hyperfiltration through adenosine.
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PMID:Elucidating mechanisms underlying altered renal autoregulation in diabetes. 2273 51


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