Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011854 (type 1 diabetes)
 20,749 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The concentrations of zinc and magnesium in serum were investigated in 23 non-pregnant and 14 pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) and 20 with gestational diabetes, and in cord blood from newborns of the latter two groups. These groups were compared with healthy women, non-pregnant as well as parturient, and newborns of the latter. In the non-pregnant state the mean serum concentrations of zinc and magnesium were lower in IDDM patients than in healthy control women. Although a decrease in S-Zn and S-Mg was observed during pregnancy in both IDDM and control subjects, the difference between carefully insulin-treated IDDM patients and controls was no longer apparent at term of pregnancy as regards S-Zn, whereas S-Mg was lower at term both in IDDM patients and in insulin-treated women with gestational diabetes. Besides the probable importance of a nearly normalized glucose metabolism in IDDM patients during pregnancy, it is postulated that the altered pattern of plasma proteins in diabetes and pregnancy, and possibly also exogenous insulin may influence the serum concentrations of zinc and magnesium seen at the end of pregnancy.
 ...
PMID:Magnesium and zinc in diabetic pregnancy. 391 11

Zinc, an important enzymatic cofactor, takes part in numerous metabolic pathways. In man, zinc deficiencies may be due either to deficient absorption or to excessive use. In this study in 285 patients hospitalized in a department of internal medicine for acute or chronic conditions, serum zinc assays have shown the following results: serum zinc concentrations are significantly decreased in acute critical conditions (cardiovascular ischemic disorders, heart failure, infections); in chronic conditions, serum zinc is decreased in some instances (renal failure, cancer, alcoholism, diarrhea), while it remains normal in others (compensated heart failure, non-insulin dependent diabetes, arterial hypertension, obesity). The fall in serum zinc concentrations is usually correlated with the severity of the clinical condition.
 ...
PMID:[The effect of various diseases on the zinc plasma level]. 630 73

Zinc concentrations in plasma, hair, and urine from children and young adults with insulin-requiring or Type I diabetes mellitus were significantly correlated with height, weight, and age, as well as with indices of metabolic control, i.e., fasting serum glucose, percent glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1), and 24-h urine glucose and insulin excretion. Urinary zinc excretion was greater in subjects than in controls (p less than 0.0001) and significantly correlated with urine glucose (p less than 0.004, r = 0.35) and volume (p less than 0.0007, r = 0.40). Urinary zinc and volume were not correlated in controls. Hyperzincuria in the subjects was not secondary to hyperinsulinuria, although zinc and insulin excretion were significantly correlated in controls (p less than 0.03, r = 0.63). Zinc in insulin preparations could not explain the excessive zinc excretion. Mean fasting plasma zinc was significantly higher than in controls, and positively correlated with height for age, while being inversely correlated with age, duration of diabetes, HbA1, urine volume, and glucose excretion. Both the mean and range of hair zinc concentration in the subjects were not different from controls. Male subjects with diabetes had a significantly lower hair concentration when compared with female subjects with diabetes (p less than 0.0009). Zinc homeostasis appears to be altered as a consequence of glucose intolerance in diabetes. Continued urinary zinc losses over time may result in a zinc deficiency state not demonstrable by altered zinc concentrations in plasma and hair.
 ...
PMID:Zinc nutriture in type I diabetes mellitus: relationship to growth measures and metabolic control. 638 60

Diabetic control, assessed by measuring the concentration in venous blood of total glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1), endogenous insulin secretion, as estimated by the C-peptide response (delta C-P) to intravenous glucagon, and serum beef insulin antibody binding were measured in 50 juvenile onset insulin dependent diabetics (IDDM) receiving a single daily injection of soluble and protamine zinc insulin. The delta C-P correlated inversely with duration of diabetes (tau = -0.27, p less than 0.01) and daily insulin requirement (tau = -0.22, p less than 0.05) in the 50 IDDM studied of whom 28 exhibited a measurable delta C-P. In C-peptide nonresponders, but not in the C-peptide responders, and inverse regression (t = 2.19, p less than 0.05) was observed between beef insulin antibody and HbA1. In the 25 IDDM having the lowest insulin antibody binding, and inverse correlation (tau = 0.36, p less than 0.02) was observed between delta CP and HbA1, which was not found (tau = 0.05) in the remaining 25 IDDM who had the highest insulin antibody binding. These findings suggest that, in the absence of endogenous insulin secretion, diabetic control in IDDM receiving a single daily injection of conventional beef insulin is better in patients with high beef insulin antibody binding. Conversely, in patients with low beef insulin antibody binding, diabetic control appears to be better in those with persisting endogenous insulin secretion.
 ...
PMID:Relationship of glycosylated haemoglobin to C-peptide secretory status and antibody binding of insulin in insulin-dependent diabetes. 703 Aug 98

Fasting hyperglycemia in insulin-dependent diabetic patients (IDDM) treated according to the basal-bolus principle may be due to the fact that currently available neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin preparations do not sufficiently meet the increased insulin need in the second part of the night. In the present study, it was investigated whether the amorphous zinc insulin Semilente can be used to control fasting hyperglycemia in IDDM patients. Ten type 1 diabetic patients with persistent fasting hyperglycemia (> 10 mmol/l) participated in the double-blind randomized cross-over trial with 2 10-day treatment periods. Night profiles of blood glucose and free insulin concentrations were determined at the end of each treatment period. Three doses of regular insulin were given before the meals and NPH insulin and Semilente at 10.00 p.m. Nighttime blood glucose and insulin profiles were different under the treatment with Semilente and NPH insulin. Injection of Semilente at bedtime resulted in higher insulin and lower blood glucose values during the second part of the night (p < 0.001 versus Semilente by ANOVA). Semilente injected at bedtime can prevent the early-morning rise in blood glucose in type I diabetic patients.
 ...
PMID:Treatment of early-morning hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetics with amorphous zinc insulin (Semilente) at bedtime. 831 99

The dawn-phenomenon causes high fasting glucose values in IDDM patients during puberty. Even a bedtime injection of intermediate-acting insulin does not reliably suppress glucose rises during the morning hours. We therefore examined whether Semilente, an amorphous zinc insulin with kinetics different from NPH insulin, is better suited to alleviate the dawn-phenomenon in adolescent patients with long-standing diabetes. This prospective study included 15 adolescent patients (age 15.5 +/- 0.4 years; mean +/- SE) well beyond the remission phase of diabetes (mean duration: 7.5 +/- 0.8 years). On an inpatient basis, blood glucose profiles following bedtime injections of NPH or semilente insulin were compared, using a sequential cross-over design for intra-patient comparison. Fasting blood glucose was significantly lower following bedtime injections of Semilente (183 +/- 21 mg/dL [10.2 +/- 1.1 mmol/L]) compared to nights where NPH had been injected (235 +/- 22 mg/dL [13.1 +/- 1.2 mmol/L]). In addition, the morning postprandial blood glucose was significantly improved. The frequency of nocturnal hypoglycemia was not different, and the dose of Semilente insulin was slightly lower compared to the dose of NPH-insulin injected. For adolescent IDDM patients with suboptimal metabolic control due to a marked dawn-phenomenon, with high fasting glucose concentrations despite a bedtime injection of NPH insulin, bedtime injection of Semilente insulin may result in reduced fasting hyperglycemia on the next morning.
 ...
PMID:Semilente-insulin at bedtime is superior to NPH-insulin for the suppression of the dawn-phenomenon in adolescents with type-I-diabetes. 895 70

Humalog is the first analog of human insulin to be evaluated on a large scale in clinical conditions by discontinuous subcutaneous administration. Eight international multicentric studies have investigated the efficacy and tolerance of Humalog in protocols with 3 daily insulin injections (3 preprandial injections of Humalog associated with 1 or 2 injections of Umuline NPH or Umuline Zinc). A total of 2834 patients participated in these studies, including 2,277 who used Humalog. In addition to these trials, more than 5,000 patients had used Humalog by 1996, in some cases for more than 3 years. In insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM), glycaemic control at the time of inclusion of patients in these protocols, as evaluated by HbA1C, was generally moderate (8 to 9%) despite 3 daily injections. This did not constitute intensive care since basal insulin for half of these patients was ensured by only a single daily injection. In these conditions, the results obtained showing significant postprandial improvement in glycaemic control and a significant reduction of the number of hypoglycaemic episodes, particularly at night, are important even though HbA1C levels were not significantly decreased. In a more recent crossover study (1996), 199 well-controlled IDDM patients (HbA1C = 7.3%) were treated intensively by multiple injections. The number of severe hypoglycaemic episodes with coma was only one-fifth that of the group treated by Humalog (equivalent to a reduction of 26 comas per 100 patients/year) in the absence of any significant modification of HbA1C. No differences were noted for lipids, adverse side effects or severe events (except hypoglycaemic episodes) and immunogenicity. In non-insulin-dependent diabetes, the results were similar but less impressive concerning the improvement in postprandial glycaemic control and the reduction in hypoglycaemic episodes. In addition to the significant results obtained in these studies, Humalog was favoured by the vast majority of patients. It is likely that Humalog will allow intensified treatment of diabetes in very favourable conditions, and that more patients will achieve the difficult goal of normalising glycaemia. However, a single injection of NPH or prolonged insulin is not sufficient for that purpose. Two daily injections will generally be necessary.
 ...
PMID:[The insulin analog, Humalog, in discontinuous: from pharmacology to clinical use]. 941 May 53

The Studies of selenium (Se), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) levels in diabetic patients have led to contradictory findings as the possible relationship between the degree of diabetic control and the changes in mineral contents. In the present study the plasma Cu, Se, and Zn contents of diabetic patients and healthy people were measured and the relationship between these contents and diabetic metabolic control, as determined by glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), was studied. The mean plasma Se content in diabetic patients was significantly lower than in controls (p < 0.01) and a negative correlation between the plasma contents of Se and HbA1c was found. No statistically significant differences in plasma Zn contents, either between patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and control, were found. A statistically significant sex difference in plasma Cu contents was observed in the control population. In females, statistically significant differences were found in plasma Cu contents between the control subjects and the diabetic patients with medium or poor metabolic control, as well as between diabetic patients with good and poor metabolic control. In males, the only statistically significant differences were between the control subjects and diabetic patients with poor metabolic control. The correlation between plasma contents of Cu and HbA1c is not significant.
 ...
PMID:Selenium, zinc and copper in plasma of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in different metabolic control states. 976 Apr 17

Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS1) is characterized by a variable combination of disease components: (1) mucocutaneous candidiasis; (2) autoimmune tissue destruction; (3) ectodermal dystrophy. The disease is caused by mutations in a single gene called APECED (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal-dystrophy) or AIRE (autoimmune regulator) coding for a putative transcription factor featuring two zinc-finger (PHD-finger) motifs. APS1 shows a penetrance of 100%, lack of female preponderance and lack of association with HLA-DR. Typically, onset of APS1 occurs in childhood and multiple autoimmune manifestations evolve throughout lifetime. Organ-specific autoantibodies associated with hypoparathyroidism, adrenal and gonadal failures, IDDM, hepatitis and vitiligo are discussed, and autoantibody patterns in APS1 patients are compared with autoantibodies in APS type 2 (APS2). APS2 is characterized by adult onset adrenal failure associated with IDDM and/or hyperthyroidism. APS2 is believed to be polygenic, characterized by dominant inheritance and association with HLA DR3.
 ...
PMID:Autoimmune polyglandular syndromes. 989 74

Insulin glargine is an extended-action biosynthetic human insulin. It precipitates in the neutral environment of subcutaneous tissue and is thus gradually absorbed into the bloodstream. The addition of small amounts of zinc to the formulation further delays absorption. In small euglycaemic clamp studies, the onset of action of insulin glargine was shown to be later, the duration of action longer and the time-action profile flatter than that of Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and healthy volunteers. Four large clinical trials of up to 28 weeks' duration have shown that a single bedtime dose of insulin glargine, in combination with preprandial short-acting insulin, is as effective or more effective than once or twice daily NPH plus short-acting insulin in improving glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. In 3 large comparative trials, insulin glargine decreased glycosylated haemoglobin and/or fasting blood glucose levels to a similar extent to that seen with NPH insulin in patients with insulin-dependent or non-insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus, either as monotherapy or in combination with oral hypoglycaemic agents. Insulin glargine appears to be well tolerated. A lower incidence of hypoglycaemia, especially at night, was reported in most trials with insulin glargine when compared with NPH insulin.
 ...
PMID:Insulin glargine. 1073 May 48


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>