Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011854 (type 1 diabetes)
 20,749 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The pertinent literature on the prevalence, clinical manifestations and pathogenic mechanisms of sleep apnoea (SA) in endocrine diseases, namely acromegaly, Cushing syndrome, hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus was reviewed. An increased prevalence is well documented in patients with active and treated acromegaly. While most authors report peripheral obstruction, due to hypertrophy of tongue and pharyngeal tissues, to be the cause of SA in acromegaly, some findings argue for a role of hormone-induced changes of central respiratory control. SA is also more common in hypothyroidism, especially when myxedema is present. The associated edema and myopathy appear to be of pathogenic importance. Thyroxin substitution is frequently effective for the treatment of SA but nCPAP can be necessary initially and in some patients even after remission of clinical signs of hypothyroidism. In Cushing disease and syndrome, parapharyngeal fat accumulation can cause SA, but no epidemiological information is available. In non insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM), obesity is the common risk factor for both, nocturnal hypoxia and insulin resistance. In IDDM, the development of autonomic neuropathy may predispose to SA. Where treatment of the underlying endocrine disease is unable cure the associated SA, nCPAP is usually the treatment of first choice. More prospective studies are clearly needed to establish prevalences and resolve the controversies regarding pathogenesis.
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PMID:Sleep apnoea in endocrine diseases. 961 23

Endocrinology has recently witnessed several important developments: The Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study, a follow-up to the landmark Diabetes Control and Complications trial, found that strict glucose control early in the course of type 1 diabetes reduces the risk of microvascular and cardiovascular complications and provides prolonged benefits even if intensive control is not so tightly maintained. Inhaled insulin preparations are now available for mealtime coverage. We now have two new injectable medications for diabetes; pramlintide (Symlin) and exenatide (Byetta) are good adjuncts for patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes who have trouble reaching their hemoglobin A1c target, and they can help control and even reduce weight. Thyroxine (T4), instead of being merely a "prohormone," has been found to have direct actions on cells, leading to rapid clinical effects and possibly oncogenesis and angiogenesis. The therapeutic range for thyrotropin (TSH) may be much narrower than traditionally believed: some have proposed that the normal range should be redefined as 0.4 to 2.5 mIU/L. New evidence shows that vitamin D is important for more than calcium control and may help prevent type 1 diabetes.
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PMID:Endocrinology update 2006. 1712 44