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Query: UMLS:C0011854 (type 1 diabetes)
 20,749 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT) is the most common cause of thyroid diseases in children and adolescents and it is also the most common cause of acquired hypothyroidism with or without goiter. The linkage between HT and some HLA genes has been reported and a genetic predisposition to thyroid autoimmunity is suggested by observations in twins. There is no direct evidence that infections cause HT in humans, while iodine and iodine containing drugs can precipitate HT in susceptible populations. There is an infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells between the follicles followed by their atrophy. The clinical course is variable and spontaneous remission may occur in adolescence. Goiter, menstrual disorders, short stature, constipation, nervousness and exophthalmos have been reported as the most recurrent clinical features of HT. Nevertheless we studied 33 patients with HT, 22 girls and 11 boys aged 4.9-19 years and most of them were euthyroid clinically. Hashimoto thyroiditis is often associated with type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune disorders such as coeliac disease, type 2 and type 3 polyglandular autoimmune disorders. Girls with Turner syndrome may develop HT. Patients with HT have positive antibodies to thyroglobulin and/or to thyroperoxidase in blood. Thyroid function could be normal or abnormal (overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism). Abnormal ultrasound patterns may be present in patients with HT disease as diffuse hypoechogenicity and pseudonodules. L-thyroxine therapy is indicated in HT with hypothyroidism, but periodic re-evaluations are required because HT could be a self-limited disorder in some cases.
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PMID:Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. 1644 60

The results of study on thyroid autoimmunity and its clinical importance gained during 11-year follow-up of 47 adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) are presented. The study proved the preponderance of women among subject affected with thyroid autoimmunity, the autoantibodies against thyroid gland (T-Ab) were significantly more often detected in women compared to men (68% vs. 32%, p < 0.05). Also, serious forms of thyroid autoimmunity manifested with persistence of both T-Ab, faster development of subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH > 4.5 mIU/l in 100% within 4 years after first detection of T-Ab positivity, and within 8 years after DM1 manifestation, respectively), and diffuse hypoechogenic pattern at thyroid gland ultrasonography (USG) were significantly more often observed in women compared to men (45% vs. 12%, p < 0.01). These patients often had small thyroid gland (77% of subjects had volume below 25th percentile of control subjects at the 11th year of follow-up) and presence of thyreopathy in the first degree relatives. No difference between men and women was observed in persistence of thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies (anti-TPO) solely (20% vs. 23%); milder clinical course of thyroid disease was observed in these subjects (the fist detection of TSH > 4.5 mIU/l in the 9th year of follow-up). These patients had varied findings at USG examination with focally/diffuse hypoechogenic/ non-homogenous thyroid gland, and 50% of subjects had thyroid gland volume above 95th percentile in the 11th year of follow-up. Among subjects without thyroid autoimmunity men prevailed (68% vs. 32% women, p < 0.01), and in the 11th year of follow-up the USG finding was often abnormal (thyroid gland volume above 95th percentile of the controls in more than 60% of subjects, trend towards nodulisation). Except for 1 subject, TSH did not exceed 4.5 mIU/l. These results obtained from the Czech population constitute the basis for our recommendation to screen regularly markers of thyroid autoimmunity in patients with DM1. Ultrasonographic examination, that is able to detect sings of thyroid immunopathy in many subjects before first manifestation of T-Ab, is the most sensitive according to both our experience and the published data. For clinical practice, determination of TSH once a year in all DM1 subjects, and of anti-TPO in DM1 women in fertile age is recommended. Ultrasonographic examination should be carried out in case of pathologic results of these tests.
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PMID:[Thyroid autoimmunity in adults with diabetes mellitus type 1. Own experience gained by 11-year monitoring]. 1706 95

The research was undertaken to study the prevalence of TSH receptor antibody positivity in patients with type 1 diabetes. A total of 74 subjects with type 1 diabetes were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Thyroid function test and assessment of thyroid autoimmunity with anti-TPO and TSH receptor antibody were done in all patients. A total of 33 males and 41 females with type 1 diabetes were studied. The prevalence of TSH receptor antibody positivity alone was 18%. The prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity with anti-TPO as a marker was 28%; the prevalence increased to 43% when TSH receptor antibody was also measured. Majority of the subjects with antithyroid antibody positivity were also positive for GAD65 antibodies. As a significant proportion of type 1 diabetic subjects have positivity to TSH receptor antibody, we suggest that larger studies should be conducted to study the benefits of TSH receptor antibody-based screening for thyroid dysfunction in type 1 diabetic subjects. As the TSH receptor antibodies could be of the stimulating or of the blocking type, subjects with antibody positivity could be at risk of developing hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.
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PMID:TSH receptor antibodies in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus. 1713 May 58

In order to study incidence and prevalence of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), we studied a retrospective cohort of 1,079 patients explored in the department of Endocrinology of Sfax (south of Tunisia). The overall incidence of AITDs was 9.9%. Mean age was 39.6+15 years; sex ratio 5 F/1M. Graves' disease was the most frequent (45%). Atrophic thyroiditis was present in 32.2% of patients and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in 22.8%. The incidence of AITDs increased from 1990 to 2000 and by 2003 it had fallen to 67 cases per year. TPO antibody was present in two-thirds of patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis, and half of those with atrophic thyroiditis. TG antibodies were less frequent (one-third of patients). Association with other autoimmune diseases was noted in 6.3% of patients: type I diabetes mellitus, adrenal insufficiency and vitiligo. Statistic analysis did not disclose any association between autoantibody levels and thyroid dysfunction. There was an association between TG antibody and TSH levels among patients with Graves' disease and between TG antibody level and age in atrophic thyroiditis patients (p<0.05); a correlation was also noted between these antibodies and other autoimmune diseases (p=0.05). It is difficult to assess the frequency of ATD in the clinical setting. Characteristic features of AITDs in patients seen in south Tunisia were found to be similar to those described in the literature. Other more large-scale representative studies would be useful to establish the epidemiology of AITDs in Tunisia.
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PMID:[Epidemiologic study of autoimmune thyroid disease in south Tunisia]. 1719 70

The Japanese Brazilian population has one of the highest prevalences of diabetes worldwide. Despite being non-obese according to standard definitions, their body fat distribution is typically central. We investigated whether a subset of these subjects had autoantibodies that would suggest a slowly progressive form of type 1 diabetes. A total of 721 Japanese Brazilians (386 men) in the 30- to 60-year age group underwent clinical examination and laboratory procedures, including a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test and determinations of serum autoantibodies. Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADab) were determined by radioimmunoassay and to thyroglobulin (TGab) and thyroperoxidase (TPOab) by flow-cytometry assays. Mean body mass index was 25.2 +/- 3.8 kg/m2, but waist circumference was elevated according to the Asian standards. Diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, and impaired fasting glycemia were found in 31%, 22%, and 22%, respectively, and 53% of the subjects had metabolic syndrome. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADab) was positive in 4.72%, TGab in 9.6%, and TPOab in 10% of the whole sample. When participants were stratified according to the presence of thyroid antibodies, similar frequencies of GADab were found in positive and negative groups. The prevalence rates of glucose metabolism disturbances did not differ between GADab positive and negative groups. Our data did not support the view that autoimmune injury could contribute to the high prevalence of diabetes seen in Japanese Brazilians, and the presence of co-morbidities included in the spectrum of metabolic syndrome favors the classification as type 2 diabetes.
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PMID:Autoimmunity does not contribute to the highly prevalent glucose metabolism disturbances in a Japanese Brazilian population. 1727 84

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) patients (G1; n=73) and first degree relatives with islet cell antibody (ICA) values of >or=10 JDF u twice or >or=20 JDF u one and loss of FPIR (G2; n=18) were screened for two other autoantibodies, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA) and insulin autoantibodies (IAA), and for other organ-specific autoantibodies, anti-gastric parietal cell (anti-PCA) and anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) as well. The two control groups consisted of healthy subjects (G3; n:55 and G4; n:13). In G1, positivity of ICA, GADA, IAA, anti-TPO and anti-PCA were 63%, 75.1%, 27.4%, 17.8% and 8.2%, respectively. In G2, positivity for GADA, IAA, anti-TPO and anti-PCA were 55.6%, 11.1%, 16.7% and 11.1%, respectively. None of the anti-TPO or anti-PCA positive cases had clinical or laboratory thyroid disease or pernicious anemia. Other organ specific antibodies, in case they accompany GADAand/or IAA in high risk individuals, result in higher risk for T1D. Moreover, this condition may indicate future potential for developing thyrogastric autoimmune diseases. In conclusion; autoantibodies are markers for autoimmune destruction in T1D, and for identification of subjects at risk for disease. Even at the time of diagnosis of T1D, screening for thyrogastric autoimmunity might be recommended for early detection of the relevant diseases.
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PMID:Organ specific autoantibodies in preclinical and early clinical type 1 diabetes in Turkey. 1757 23

Gluten sensitivity is an autoimmune disease that usually causes intestinal atrophy resulting in a malabsorption syndrome known as celiac disease. However, gluten sensitivity may involve several organs and is often associated with extraintestinal manifestations. Typically, patients with celiac disease have circulating anti-tissue transglutaminase and anti-gliadin antibodies. When patients with gluten sensitivity are affected by other autoimmune diseases, other autoantibodies may arise like anti-epidermal transglutaminase in dermatitis herpetiformis, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies in thyroiditis, and anti-islet cells antibodies in type 1 diabetes. The most common neurological manifestation of gluten sensitivity is ataxia, the so-called gluten ataxia (GA). In patients with GA we have demonstrated that anti-gliadin and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies cross-react with neurons but that additional anti-neural antibodies are present. The aim of the present article is to review the knowledge on animal models of gluten sensitivity, as well as reviewing the role of anti-neural antibodies in GA.
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PMID:Gluten ataxia: passive transfer in a mouse model. 1780 60

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is frequently associated with autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD).Genetic susceptibility for autoantibody formation in association with ATD and type 1 diabetes mellitus has been described with varying frequencies, but there is still debate about its prevailing situation in Iran. We have therefore investigated the prevalence of anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) and anti thyroglubolin (Anti TG) antibodies in type 1 diabetic patients, and compared the effect of age and sex on the thyroid autoimmunity in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Iran.Ninety one subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus and one hundred and sixty three unrelated normal controls under the age of thirty years were recruited for the detection of anti-TPO and anti-TG. Radio Immuno Assay and chemiluminescence methods were used for anti-TPO and anti-TG detection respectively.Among 91 type 1 diabetic patients, 36 (39.6%) were positive for anti-TPO and 27(30%) were positive for antiTG. Anti-TPO antibodies were detected only in 6.7% of control group. Comparing with those without thyroid autoimmunity, there was a female preponderance for the type 1 diabetic patients with thyroid autoimmunity (female: male, 28:14 vs. 28:20 respectively). Among the type 1 diabetic patients those with thyroid autoimmunity, tended to be older (p: 0.04) and to have higher TSH concentration (p: 0.03). Patients with high anti-TPO levels had longer duration of diabetes (P: 0.02).The presence of anti-TPO in 39.6% of our type 1 diabetic patients comparing with 8.5% of normal subjects confirmed the strong association of ATD and type 1 diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Thyroid function and anti-thyroid antibodies in Iranian patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: influences of age and sex. 1832 10

Patients with an autoimmune condition are known to be at higher risk of developing other autoimmune disorders. Type 1 diabetes may be associated with additional autoimmune disorders including autoimmune thyroid disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in a group of children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes from northeastern Brazil as well as their significance for the development of thyroid disorders. The study design was cross-sectional and descriptive, analyzing young people with a previous type 1 diabetes diagnosis. Two hundred and fourteen children and adolescents with prior diagnosis of type 1 diabetes were evaluated. Antibodies to thyroperoxidase (anti-TPO) were determined in all patients and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. The anti-TPO antibody test was positive in 54 out of the 214 patients studied, resulting in an overall prevalence of 25.2%. Among the anti-TPO-positive subjects, females were predominant (72%) over males (28%) (p < 0.001). A total of 55.5% patients with positive anti-TPO antibodies had abnormal TSH levels. Clinically significant hypothyroidism was found in 29.6% and subclinical hypothyroidism in 22.2% of patients with positive anti-TPO. Hyperthyroidism was present in only 3% of them. Our results demonstrate the high prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis in patients with type 1 diabetes and the need for these patients of regular screening to make a precocious diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction.
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PMID:Prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease and thyroid dysfunction in young Brazilian patients with type 1 diabetes. 1846 14

There are no studies that compare the prevalence of organ-specific autoantibodies (OSAs) between adult (>or= 16 years) and childhood-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D). We evaluated the prevalence of the following OSAs: thyroid peroxidase, thyroid receptor, parietal cell, intrinsic factor, tissue transglutaminase, adrenal cortex, mitochondrial, smooth muscle, liver kidney microsomal, and ovarian autoantibodies. Three hundred twenty-seven (327) adults were screened for one or more of these OSAs. The prevalence of all the OSAs studied was similar in both groups. The most prevalent OSA observed was tissue transglutaminase (childhood-onset disease = 14.3%; adult-onset disease = 13.6%). This study did not demonstrate a distinct difference in the prevalence of OSAs between adult- and childhood-onset T1D patients.
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PMID:Prevalence of organ-specific autoantibodies in childhood- and adult-onset type 1 diabetes. 1912 Mar 8


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