Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: UMLS:C0011854 (type 1 diabetes)
20,749 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Vanadium and its compounds exhibit a wide variety of insulin-like effects. In this review, these effects are discussed with respect to the treatment of type I and type II diabetes in animal models, in vitro actions, antineoplastic role, treatment of IDDM and NIDDM patients, toxicity, and the possible mechanism(s) involved. Newly established CytPTK plays a major role in the bioresponses of vanadium. It has a molecular weight of approximately 53 kDa and is active in the presence of Co2+ rather than Mn2+. Among the protein-tyrosine kinase blockers, staurosporine is found to be a potent inhibitor of CytPTK but a poor inhibitor of InsRTK. Vanadium inhibits PTPase activity, and this in turn enhances the activity of protein tyrosine kinases. Our data show that inhibition of PTPase and protein tyrosine kinase activation has a major role in the therapeutic efficacy of vanadium in treating diabetes mellitus.
...
PMID:Vanadium salts as insulin substitutes: mechanisms of action, a scientific and therapeutic tool in diabetes mellitus research. 899 1

We previously described a reduced expression of the protein tyrosine kinase Lck in T-cells from type 1 diabetic patients, the origin of which is still unknown. The human lck gene, located on chromosome 1p35-34.3, was evaluated as a candidate susceptibility gene for type 1 diabetes. A molecular scan of the sequence variations in the coding, the relevant promoter, and most of the intronic sequences of the lck gene (representing a total of 10.5 kb fragment) was performed in 187 Caucasian subjects including 91 type 1 diabetic patients and 96 normoglycemic control subjects. We identified 35 sequence variations, including one deletion and 34 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 33 of them being new. Four variants were frequent but not significantly associated with diabetes or Lck protein level. Of the SNP variants, 11 were only found within the diabetic population and some were associated with low Lck protein levels. The low frequency of these polymorphisms did not permit any statistically significant correlations with the disease status, suggesting that the lck gene probably does not contribute to genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes.
...
PMID:No association between lck gene polymorphisms and protein level in type 1 diabetes. 1240 26

The proline-, glutamic acid-, serine- and threonine-rich (PEST) family of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) includes proline-enriched phosphatase (PEP)/lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase (LYP), PTP-PEST, and PTP-hematopoietic stem cell fraction (HSCF). PEP/LYP is a potent inhibitor of T-cell activation, principally by suppressing the activity of Src family protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). This function seems to be dependent, at least in part, on the ability of PEP to bind C-terminal Src kinase (Csk), a PTK also involved in inactivating Src kinases. Interestingly, a polymorphism of LYP in humans (R620W) is a significant risk factor for autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus. The R620W mutation may be a 'gain-of-function' mutation. In non-hematopoietic cells, PTP-PEST is a critical regulator of adhesion and migration. This effect correlates with the aptitude of PTP-PEST to dephosphorylate cytoskeletal proteins such as Cas, focal adhesion associated-kinase (FAK), Pyk2, and PSTPIP. While not established, a similar function may also exist in immune cells. Additionally, overexpression studies provided an indication that PTP-PEST may be a negative regulator of lymphocyte activation. Interestingly, mutations in a PTP-PEST- and PTP-HSCF-interacting protein, PSTPIP1, were identified in humans with pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne (PAPA) syndrome and familial recurrent arthritis, two autoinflammatory diseases. These mutations abrogate the ability of PSTPIP1 to bind PTP-PEST and PTP-HSCF, suggesting that these two PTPs may be negative regulators of inflammation.
...
PMID:PEST family phosphatases in immunity, autoimmunity, and autoinflammatory disorders. 1929 Sep 36

In APCs, the protein tyrosine kinase Syk is required for signaling of several immunoreceptors, including the BCR and FcR. We show that conditional ablation of the syk gene in dendritic cells (DCs) abrogates FcgammaR-mediated cross priming of diabetogenic T cells in RIP-mOVA mice, a situation phenocopied in wild-type RIP-mOVA mice treated with the selective Syk inhibitor R788. In addition to blocking FcgammaR-mediated events, R788 also blocked BCR-mediated Ag presentation, thus broadly interrupting the humoral contributions to T cell-driven autoimmunity. Indeed, oral administration of R788 significantly delayed spontaneous diabetes onset in NOD mice and successfully delayed progression of early-established diabetes even when treatment was initiated after the development of glucose intolerance. At the DC level, R788 treatment was associated with reduced insulin-specific CD8 priming and decreased DC numbers. At the B cell level, R788 reduced total B cell numbers and total Ig concentrations. Interestingly, R788 increased the number of IL-10-producing B cells, thus inducing a tolerogenic B cell population with immunomodulatory activity. Taken together, we show by genetic and pharmacologic approaches that Syk in APCs is an attractive target in T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes.
...
PMID:Therapeutic targeting of Syk in autoimmune diabetes. 2128 11

Although intrinsically disordered proteins or protein domains (IDPs or IDD) are less abundant in bacteria than in eukaryotes, their presence in pathogenic bacterial proteins is important for protein-protein interactions. The protein tyrosine kinase A (PtkA) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis possesses an 80-residue disordered region (IDD_PtkA ) of unknown function, located N-terminally to the well-folded kinase core domain. Here, we characterize the conformation of IDD_PtkA under varying biophysical conditions and phosphorylation using NMR-spectroscopy. Our results confirm that the N-terminal domain of PtkA exists as an IDD at physiological pH. Furthermore, phosphorylation of IDD_PtkA increases the activity of PtkA. Our findings will complement future approaches in understanding molecular mechanisms of key proteins in pathogenic virulence.
...
PMID:Structural characterization of the intrinsically disordered domain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine kinase A. 2949 52

---