Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011854 (type 1 diabetes)
 20,749 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Urinary transferrin excretion was measured by radioimmunoassay in 74 children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus and in 40 normal children, and compared with urinary excretion of albumin, alpha-1-microglobulin, and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. Urinary transferrin excretion was significantly elevated in diabetic (median (range) 186 (18-1671) mg mol-creatinine-1) compared with normal (85 (27-668) mg mol-creatinine-1) children (p less than 0.001). Seventeen diabetic children had transferrin excretion above the 95th centile for normal children. In contrast there was no significant increase in urinary albumin excretion in the diabetic children although 8 had urinary albumin excretion which exceeded the 95th centile for normal children (6 of these 8 patients having coexistent urinary hyperexcretion of transferrin). Urinary transferrin excretion correlated significantly with urinary albumin excretion in both normal (rs = 0.62, p less than 0.001) and diabetic (rs = 0.61, p less than 0.001) children. The indices of proximal renal tubular function (urinary excretion of alpha-1-microglobulin and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase) correlated significantly with transferrin excretion in both diabetic (rs = 0.43 and rs = 0.41, p less than 0.001) and normal (rs = 0.40, p less than 0.02 and rs = 0.53, p less than 0.001) children, but not with albumin excretion (rs = 0.20, p greater than 0.05 and rs = 0.22, p greater than 0.05). In addition urinary transferrin excretion significantly correlated with urinary glucose concentration (rs = 0.34, p less than 0.007) in Type 1 diabetic children. The discrepancy in urinary excretion of transferrin and albumin may reflect impaired proximal renal tubular reabsorption of transferrin and/or altered glomerular basement membrane selectivity for the two proteins.
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PMID:Increased urinary excretion of transferrin in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. 168 49

Eight patients with type I diabetes mellitus (D-I), seven patients with type II diabetes mellitus (D-11) and 8 healthy donors were examined. The disease standing did not exceed 1 year since the moment of the diagnosis establishment. The patients with D-I manifested activation of natural killers (NK) as compared to their activity in the donors and patients with D-II (76.05 +/- 6.5%, 52.33 +/- 9.55% and 55.39 +/- 10.63%, respectively, p less than 0.01) in the presence of the attenuated response of NK to interleukin-2 and alpha-interferon, determined by NK prestimulation. The amount of NK (CD16-positive) in D-I was significantly less than in the donors and patients with D-II. The high activity of NK in D-I correlated with an increase of receptor expression for transferrin on the mononuclear cells of peripheral blood. At the same time 5 out of the 8 patients with D-I and 2 patients with D-II out of the 7 demonstrated the rise of serum alpha-interferon (in the titer 1:40 and over). Activation of NK and the rise of serum interferon may be due to viral etiology of the disease and may play a role in the autoimmune process in patients suffering from D-I.
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PMID:[The functional activity and count of the natural killer cells in patients with recently diagnosed diabetes mellitus types I and II]. 260 54

Neonatal polycythemia is a perinatal complication in infants of diabetic mothers. The cord CBC (complete blood counts), serum iron, transferrin and ferritin concentrations were studied in newborn infants of 9 GDM (gestational diabetes), 21 NIDDM (noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), and 8 IDDM (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) mothers. The RBC (red blood cell) count, Hb (hemoglobin) and Hct (hematocrit) of these infants were higher than control infants. There was no difference between the serum iron concentration of the infants of each group diabetic mothers and the infants in the control group, but the transferrin concentration was significantly higher and the ferritin was significantly lower in the infants of diabetic mothers than in those of control mothers. There was a significant negative correlation between transferrin and ferritin (r = -0.491 p less than 0.001). Erythropoiesis is considered to be enhanced in the fetuses of diabetic mothers, and the iron needed for erythropoiesis is reportedly transported from the mother to the fetus according to the demands of the fetus, but the iron storage was shown to be reduced in the fetuses of diabetic mothers.
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PMID:Cord transferrin and ferritin values for erythropoiesis in newborn infants of diabetic mothers. 263 11

The urinary excretion of beta2-microglobulin, albumin, kappa light chains, transferrin, and IgG as well as their concentration ratios were assessed in 27 nondiabetic patients with proteinuria and in 72 IDDM patients, 41 with proliferative retinopathy (PR) and 31 without retinopathy, matched for age, duration of diabetes, and treatment. The mean excretions of albumin, transferrin, and IgG were similar in patients with nondiabetic proteinuria and in IDDM patients with PR and were significantly higher than in IDDM patients without retinopathy. Despite similar albumin excretion, the amount of excreted kappa light chains was significantly higher in IDDM patients than in patients with nondiabetic proteinuria, resulting in an elevated kappa chain/albumin ratio. Furthermore, diabetic subjects without microalbuminuria showed increased kappa chain/albumin ratio, indicating that increased urinary excretion of kappa chains may be an early sign of diabetic nephropathy. Determination of kappa light chain excretion may have clinical implications in the differentiation between proteinuria of diabetic and nondiabetic origin. The ratio kappa chain/albumin was independent of the excretion of beta2-microglobulin in patients with PR, suggesting that the reduced ability to reabsorb immunoglobulin light chains may occur earlier than that of beta2-microglobulin in the development of tubular dysfunction in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Urinary excretion of plasma proteins in diabetic subjects. Increased excretion of kappa light chains in diabetic patients with and without proliferative retinopathy. 392 92

Recent studies have suggested a partial block in somatomedin (SM) production or growth hormone (GH) action in IDDM. Twelve well-nourished diabetic children (9 males and 3 females with a mean age of 11.2 +/- 3.3 yr), six with an HbA1c of 7.9-11.2% (group A) and six with an HbA1c of 12.5-15.6% (group B), were studied as follows: the GH response after 100 micrograms of oral clonidine and the SM generation capacity after i.m. administration of 0.2 U/kg/dose of human growth hormone (hGH) for 4 days. Group B diabetic subjects had a significantly higher mean +/- SD GH increase after clonidine than did group A patients (delta of 17.4 +/- 4.9 versus 5.7 +/- 6.0 ng/ml, P less than 0.01); the basal GH of both groups were similar (1.6 +/- 0.7 versus 2.3 +/- 1.4 ng/ml). In contrast, the SM response to hGH was significantly decreased in group B children as compared with those in group A (delta of 0.3 +/- 0.3 versus 1.2 +/- 0.4 U/ml, P less than 0.01). The basal SM levels of both groups were normal for age. GH and SM correlated with HbA1c levels (r = +0.80, P less than 0.01; r = -0.79, P less than 0.01, respectively); there was no correlation with plasma and urine glucose or serum cholesterol, cortisol, and transferrin. Our data indicate a blunted SM response to hGH in group B diabetic subjects; this defect in SM generation is apparently not present in group A subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Impaired somatomedin generation test in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 396 1

Serum was collected from children with type 1 diabetes mellitus before and 10 days after attending a camp session in which blood glucose concentrations were carefully controlled. Glycosylated and nonglycosylated proteins were separated, and levels of albumin and transferrin were determined on each of these fractions. Glycosylated hemoglobin was also determined and ranged from 4.6% to 14.6% (mean +/- SEM 8.1% +/- 0.2%). Mean initial glycosylated albumin in 73 children was 16.4% +/- 0.6%, which was elevated compared with the mean of levels in 20 nondiabetic controls (8.7% +/- 0.3%) and correlated well with levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (r = 0.71). After 10 days mean glycosylated albumin fell to 14.6% +/- 0.5% (P less than 0.00001), near the predicted final value of 13.4% if control had been ideal. Initial levels of glycosylated transferrin in 44 of these children ranged from 4.5% to 22.3% (11.4 +/- 0.6%) and was significantly higher than the mean of 3.8% +/- 0.3% in 20 nondiabetic controls. Mean final glycosylated transferrin fell to 8.2% +/- 0.3% (P less than 0.00001), near the predicted final mean of 7.0% +/- 0.2%. The mean of each subject's blood glucose determinations performed throughout the study period correlated with final levels of both glycosylated albumin (r = 0.55, P less than 0.001) and glycosylated transferrin (r = 0.54, P less than 0.001). Both glycosylated albumin and glycosylated transferrin appear to be reliable markers of short-term glycemic control; glycosylated transferrin (half-life 8 days) was more sensitive than glycosylated albumin over this 10-day period.
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PMID:Glycosylated albumin and transferrin: short-term markers of blood glucose control. 647 Aug 61

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a frequent complication in patients with beta-thalassaemia major. It is believed to be a consequence of the damage inflicted by iron overload to the pancreatic beta-cell. Liver disorders and genetic influences seem to be additional predisposing factors to diabetes mellitus in patients with beta-thalassaemia. Ethnic variations are frequently reported on prevalence and complications of diabetes mellitus in the beta-thalassaemia patients. We investigated 50 Saudi children (< 15 years) with beta-thalassaemia major and 50 beta-thalassaemia minor, and age- and sex-matched controls for the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, and its relation to hitherto claimed predisposing factors. Fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin level, liver function tests, plasma ferritin, iron, and transferrin were assessed in each patient and glucose tolerance was evaluated. Results in patients with beta-thalassaemia major were compared with those obtained for beta-thalassaemia minor and the controls. The results showed moderate elevation of ferritin level in the majority of the beta-thalassaemia major despite desferroxamine therapy. Either hyperinsulinaemia or hypoinsulinaemia was encountered in the majority of these patients. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 6 per cent compared to 2 per cent in the beta-thalassaemia minor and normal children. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) occurred at a significantly higher (24 per cent) frequency in the beta-thalassaemia major compared to 2 and 0 per cent in the beta-thalassaemia minor patients and normal controls, respectively. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was significantly lower in the Saudi thalassaemic patients compared to the results obtained from patients of other ethnic groups reported in literature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Diabetes mellitus in children suffering from beta-thalassaemia. 780 19

Microalbuminuria following submaximal exercise testing has been proposed for detecting renal abnormalities in diabetic patients. We compared urinary transferrin and albumin excretion between eight adults with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and eight nondiabetic controls without microalbuminuria before and after a standardized exercise challenge of only moderate intensity for 20 min. Both groups were similar for age, sex, and METs expended during treadmill walking. Urinary excretion ratios of transferrin (UTER) and albumin (UAER) did not significantly increase for nondiabetic subjects. After exercise, UTER increased on average 207% in diabetic subjects (P = 0.009) and UAER increased 209% (P = 0.046). The percent increase in UTER appears to be a function of workload intensity, while the percent increase in UAER appears less dependent on the duration of exercise. A standardized treadmill challenge of moderate intensity easily differentiated changes in urinary transferrin excretion ratios between diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Measuring transferrin excretion may be a more sensitive parameter than albumin in studies using urinary protein excretion as a response to a provocative exercise challenge.
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PMID:Changes in diabetic urinary transferrin excretion after moderate exercise. 823 54

Most of diabetics have no symptoms and chemical analyses may be sole way to diagnose the disease itself and its complications. Chemical analyses are also important to assess the propriety of glycemic control during every possible treatment of diabetes. Some markers for long-term glycemic control other than glucose concentration may be also used as a screening methods for glucose intolerance. HbA1c is established for long term as a marker for glycemic control but still large interlaboratory variation is present. Fructosamine is measured by a simpler procedure but many deoxidizing materials in serum especially superoxide may interfere with the reaction. Glycated albumin should be more reliable than fructosamine but a standard method of measurement has not been established yet. The decrease in serum 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol(1,5-AG) is very sensitive to urinary glucose excretion and may be useful as a marker of glycemic control and diagnosis of diabetes. Discrimination of Type I(IDDM) from Type II(NIDDM) in Japanese diabetic patients is sometimes very difficult and evidences of autoimmunity by anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase(GAD) antibody and of exhaustion of insulin secretion by C-peptide measurement 6min after combined infusion of 1mg of glucagon and 20ml of 50% glucose are the few methods to diagnose. Early diagnosis of diabetic complication is another important point of clinico-chemical determinations. Usually, each diabetic complication progresses in parallel. Micro-measurement of urinary transferrin is one of the most sensitive methods likewise urinary microalbumin measurement. Future measurement of advanced glycation end product (AGE) may also tell us if patients are suffering from diabetic complications or if one is suffering from diabetes or not.
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PMID:[Recent progress in diagnoses of diabetes and its complications]. 856 34

Combined pancreas-kidney transplantation has been introduced in the treatment of patients with type 1 diabetes and renal failure 20 years ago. By 1985 374 combined pancreas-kidney transplantations had been reported to the International Pancreas Transplant Registries. Surgical drainage of the transplanted exocrine pancreas into the urinary bladder solves most of the postoperative problems encountered with the exocrine secretions. Furthermore, monitoring of pancreatic enzyme (amylase) activity in urine has been shown to be useful in diagnosis of rejection of the pancreatic graft. However, little attention has been paid to the biochemical consequences of high activities of proteolytic pancreatic enzymes on the determination of urinary proteins. The present case illustrates the difficulties in interpreting proteinuria in patients with combined pancreas-renal transplant with pancreaticocystostomia. In the propositus, interpretation of the urinary protein electrophoresis is hampered by the presence of pancreatic juice proteins and peptides originating from digestion of proteins by activated pancreatic enzymes. Results of immunochemically determined marker proteins ([micro]albumin, transferrin, beta 2-microglobulin) are unreliable due to digestion by pancreatic enzymes.
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PMID:Difficulties in evaluating urinalysis following combined pancreas-kidney transplantation. 936 5


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