Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011854 (type 1 diabetes)
 20,749 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Height and weight measurements in a group of 55 children born to mothers with juvenile, adult-onset or gestational diabetes mellitus showed that the children born to parents of European or American origin were taller than average. The talles children were those born to mothers with juvenile diabetes mellitus. The distribution of weight-height indexes followed a normal pattern.
 ...
PMID:Height and weight of children born to mothers with diabetes mellitus. 93 14

Blood glycated haemoglobin (HbAlc), serum fructosamine (FA), serum glycated albumin (GA), and serum glycated total protein (GTP) were determined in 61 subjects (19 pregnant women with gestational diabetes, 24 pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [IDDM] and 18 nonpregnant subjects with IDDM). FA, GA, and GTP correlated with HbAlc similarly (r = 0.791, 0.816, and 0.794, respectively, p < 0.001). In a subgroup of 22 subjects data on blood glucose home monitoring was recorded and used for calculating mean blood glucose as an index of average glycaemia preceding sampling of the glycation products. Mean blood glucose levels preceding sampling of HbAlc by 2 months and FA, GA, or GTP by three weeks correlated significantly with HbAlc (r = 0.668, p < 0.001) and GA (r = 0.441, p < 0.05) whereas no significant correlation was found between mean blood glucose and FA (r = 0.003) or GTP (r = 0.252). In conclusion, such methods which measure specifically the non-enzymatic glycation of a single species of protein (i.e. FPLC for HbAlc and affinity chromatography for GA) are to be preferred for assessing glycaemia.
 ...
PMID:Blood glycated haemoglobin, serum fructosamine, serum glycated albumin and serum glycated total protein as measures of glycaemia in diabetes mellitus. 148 24

Current classification, diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines of diabetes in pregnancy are briefly reviewed in this paper. Obstetricians mainly are confronted with the insulin-dependent diabetic (IDDM) prior to conception and during pregnancy. Intensive interdisciplinary co-operation is considered a prerequisite for treatment of the diabetic patient planning or carrying a pregnancy. The following subspecialties should work together in diabetic pregnant care: Reproductive Medicine incl. high-level endocrinological diagnostics, Diabetology with a teaching facility, and--within a perinatal center--an obstetric and neonatal department experienced in diabetic care. Preconceptional metabolic adjustment as well as surveillance of fetal and maternal condition during the first trimester of pregnancy are considered the mainstay in diabetic patient's care. Possible complications of diabetic pregnancy are described. Only in rare cases, pregnancy is contraindicated because of retino- or nephropathy. The screening program for gestational diabetes is based upon the patient's history, fasting-blood-glucose-levels, 50-g-oral-glucose-tolerance-test (OGTT) and a 24-h-blood-glucose-profile. Measurement of insulin levels in amniotic fluid are recommended for cases that remain yet undiagnosed.
 ...
PMID:[Diabetes and pregnancy--optimal management]. 159 5

We analyzed 215 consecutive patients with diabetes mellitus and pregnancy, 118 (54.83%) with noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), 90 (41.86%) with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and 7 (3.26%) with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). NIDDM and GDM patients had no significant difference in age and body mass index. There were no maternal deaths, nor episodes of ketoacidosis. Maternal and neonatal complications occurred with a similar frequency in NIDDM and GDM. We concluded that in our population, diabetes associated with insulin-resistance occurred in over 96% of our pregnant diabetic patients and was associated with an increased prevalence of maternal and neonatal complications. Earlier perinatal care has to be established in NIDDM patients, and obese young women should be screened to detect GDM from early gestation and advised to reduce weight before pregnancy ensues.
 ...
PMID:Noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus and pregnancy in Mexico. 167 35

We have previously reported a decrease in gluconeogenesis from alanine in normal pregnant women at term gestation as compared with nonpregnant women. In the present study, the effect of diabetes on alanine metabolism was examined in five gestationally diabetic (GDM) women and seven women with type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes (IDDM) during the third trimester of pregnancy. The hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) concentrations in all subjects were within normal range, indicating good metabolic control. After an overnight fast, each subject was infused simultaneously with L-[2,3, 13C2]alanine and D-[6,6,2H2]glucose tracers as prime constant rate infusion. Plasma alanine and glucose isotopic enrichments were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Alanine and glucose turnover rates were quantified by tracer dilution. In five subjects, the contribution of alanine carbon to CO2 was quantified by respiratory calorimetry and by measurement of 13C enrichment of expired CO2. Data from 15 previously reported normal pregnant subjects were used for comparison. The rate of alanine turnover was similar in the GDM and IDDM subjects and was not different from the normal subjects (GDM, 4.6 +/- 1.9; IDDM, 5.4 +/- 2.5; normals, 4.4 +/- 0.8 mumol/kg.min, mean +/- SD). The rate of glucose turnover was significantly reduced (P less than .05) in IDDM as compared with GDM and normal subjects (IDDM, 8.1 +/- 0.8; GDM, 11.5 +/- 3.5; normals, 12.2 +/- 2.2 mumol/kg.min). The contribution of alanine C to glucose C and expired CO2 was similar in the three groups. These data demonstrate that rigorous metabolic control results in normal glucose and alanine metabolism in diabetic pregnancy during fasting.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Glucose-alanine relationship in diabetes in human pregnancy. 190 12

The best methods of contraception for women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes are discussed, with results of clinical trials in both types of patients. Women with IDDM require effective contraception since there are serious risks both to the mother and the fetus in case of unplanned pregnancy. For women reliable enough to use them consistently, barrier methods are satisfactory. IUDs are the choice for most diabetic women. In a trial of copper-T 200 IUDs in 103 diabetics compared to 119 normal controls, the effectiveness, expulsion rate, removals for bleeding and pain, and continuation rates were comparable. It was noted that there were no added infections in the diabetic group, who have an increased risk for infection generally. Oral contraceptives may worsen glucose tolerance, due to the effect of the progestogen decreasing diabetes, except in women with history of gestational diabetes. The authors found that a triphasic pill, with lower progestin dose, decreased insulin sensitivity more than did a combined pill, in both normal women and in those with previous gestational diabetes. Since natural estrogens, as used in estrogen replacement therapy in climacteric women, do not affect glucose tolerance as much as synthetic alkylated estrogens (i.e., ethinyl estradiol), the authors tried a combination of 4 mg estradiol, 2 mg estriol and 3 mg norethisterone for contraception in diabetic women. This experimental combination was compared with a low dose ethinyl estradiol-norethisterone monophasic, a progestin only pill, and an ethinyl estradiol-levonorgestrel triphasic. There were no differences among the groups in fasting plasma glucose, 24-hour insulin requirements, HbA1C levels, LDL, or free fatty acids. VLDL and HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol decreased in the natural estrogen group. There was a small, significant increase in LDL, VLDL and total cholesterol in the combined group. The authors also have preliminary results of a trial of a low-dose monophasic with ethinyl estradiol and gestodene, showing no adverse effects on glycemic control in IDDM patients. Thus low dose progestin, triphasic and natural estrogen-progestagen combination oral contraceptives can be recommended as safe to diabetics.
 ...
PMID:Contraception for women with diabetes: an update. 195 24

A remarkably coordinated set of metabolic adaptations allows the intermittently feeding mother to provide not only for her own energy needs, but also for those of the continuously feeding and developing fetus. During feeding, progressive insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia appear to promote storage of nutrients in maternal fat and serve to "shunt" nutrients to the fetus by slowing their uptake into maternal tissues, especially during late pregnancy. Between feedings, hormones liberated by the fetoplacental unit create an environment that progressively favors maternal fat catabolism as an energy substrate source, thus curbing maternal protein catabolism while keeping some carbohydrate available for the fetus. These normal changes have important implications for women with abnormal glucoregulation. Women with pre-gestational diabetes will need progressively greater insulin doses during gestation in order to maintain normoglycemia and, in the case of women with IDDM, to avoid ketosis. Women without known diabetes may develop glucose intolerance by late gestation if their pancreatic B cells are not capable of compensating for their inherent insulin resistance and/or the normal insulin resistance of pregnancy. Norbert Freinkel was a leader in the development of our current physiological understanding of these metabolic adaptations to pregnancy. That understanding has contributed greatly to the improved outcome of pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes. A major challenge for present and future investigators will be to develop an understanding of those adaptations at the molecular and genetic levels so that we may have even greater impact on the well-being of diabetic women and their offspring.
 ...
PMID:Glucose metabolism during pregnancy: normal physiology and implications for diabetes mellitus. 196 41

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased frequency of certain histocompatibility antigens located on chromosome six, the most common types being B-8, B-15, DR-3, DR-4, and DR-7. We therefore theorized that screening for these subtypes may allow the identification of those women with gestational diabetes who will remain euglycemic on dietary modification (class A1) compared with those who will require insulin to achieve euglycemia (class GB). From 1982 to 1987, 228 black women with gestational diabetes were screened for the above histocompatibility antigens. As theorized, certain histocompatibility antigen subtypes were more common in women with class GB gestational diabetes mellitus; DR-2 (41.8% versus 23.7% p = 0.015), B-15 (p = 0.07), and DR-3 (p = 0.08). However, because of the low sensitivity (42%), specificity (75%), and positive predictive value (36%), this test is impractical in the clinical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus.
 ...
PMID:Histocompatibility antigen subtypes in black women with class A1 or class GB diabetes mellitus. 200 34

Fasting plasma proinsulin, insulin and glucose concentrations were measured in ten women with mild gestational diabetes and ten controls matched for race, age (32 +/- 6 vs 31 +/- 6 years), body mass index (28 +/- 8 vs 27 +/- 6) and gestational week (24 +/- 4 vs 25 +/- 4 weeks). There was no significant difference in fasting plasma glucose between these gestational diabetics and their controls (median 4.7, range 3.7-6.0 mmol/l vs 4.5, range 3.4-5.3 mmol/l). The fasting proinsulin levels were significantly higher in the gestational diabetics compared with the controls (median 12.2, range less than 4-14.8 pmol/l vs 5.8, range less than 4-12.8 pmol/l, P less than or equal to 0.02, Wilcoxon Summed Rank Test), while the calculated intact insulin levels (immunoreactive insulin minus proinsulin) were significantly lower (median 14.5, range 6.3-81.8 pmol/l vs 51.6, range 11.7-312 pmol/l, P less than or equal to 0.01). The ratio of proinsulin to calculated intact insulin was significantly higher in the gestational diabetics than the controls (median 0.66, range 0.16-2.04 vs 0.12, range 0.03-0.62), P less than or equal to 0.01). These results demonstrate that gestational diabetics, with normal fasting plasma glucose values, have abnormalities in pancreatic beta-cell secretion, which are likely to be important both in the aetiology of gestational diabetes and non-insulin dependent diabetes.
 ...
PMID:Abnormalities in fasting circulating proinsulin concentration in mild gestational diabetes. 203 30

The possible development of the dawn phenomenon in three gestational stages was investigated in 9 pregnant women with type I diabetes mellitus and 10 with gestational diabetes. To this end, the overnight intravenous insulin infusion was evaluated with the artificial pancreas (Biostator). In none of the two clinical conditions and in none of the three gestational stages an increased insulin infusions during the second period of the night was found under the experimental conditions of our study. This finding may we related with the timing of the last food intake.
 ...
PMID:[The dawn phenomenon in diabetic pregnancy]. 218 90


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>