Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011854 (type 1 diabetes)
 20,749 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of nasally administered glucagon in doses of 1 (A) and 2 mg (B), with 1 mg glucagon administered intramuscularly (C) in 12 C-peptide-negative IDDM patients. Spontaneous recovery (D) from insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in the same patients was used as reference. The mean age was 31.1 (21-48) years, diabetes duration 10.8 (2.7-31) years and HbA1c 7.7 (6.5-9.8)%. Hypoglycaemia was induced by i.v. insulin infusion. When blood glucose (BG) reached about 2 mmol/l either glucagon was administered or the patients recovered spontaneously. BG nadir was 1.6 (1.1-2.3) mmol/l. BG increments during the first 15 min after glucagon administration were: (A) 1.9 +/- 0.7 (0.4-3.0); (B) 2.5 +/- 0.7 (1.5-3.5); (C) 2.5 +/- 1.0 (1.2-4.7); and (D) 0.3 +/- 0.4 (0-1.0) mmol/l, respectively. All treatments were more effective, measured as increments in BG, than spontaneous recovery, P less than 0.00001. There was no difference between nasal treatment with 2 mg (B) and i.m. treatment (C), both being more effective than 1 mg (A) nasal treatment, P less than 0.1. BG continued to increase up to 10 mmol/l 90 min after i.m. glucagon administration, whereas it stabilized at a level of 4.6-6 mmol/l, 30-45 min after nasal administration. Eighty percent of the patients had side-effects to nasal administration - local irritation, rhinitis or sneezing. Half of the patients sneezed, without correlation with the delivered dose of glucagon. None of the patients had side-effects which would preclude further treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Nasal glucagon in the treatment of hypoglycaemia in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. 151 60

Graves disease and Hashimoto disease are due to inappropriate activation of immunological system and production of the antibodies against thyroid gland. The aim of the study was to estimate potential risk of other autoagressive and allergic disease in patients with Hashimoto or Graves disease. 255 patients with Graves disease (216 females and 39 males) and 69 patients (63 females and 6 males) mean age 53.6 +/- 13.7 years were examined. The control group consists of 200 patients (175 females and 25 males) mean age 61.98 +/- 14.35 years with nodular goitre. There were 74 cases (i.e. 22.8%) of coexisting autoimmunological or allergic disorder among the patients with autoimmunological thyroid disorders (36 patients with Graves disease and 38 patients with Hashimoto disease). There were 20 cases of type 1 diabetes mellitus, 13 cases of bronchial asthma, 16 cases of Addison' disease, 4 cases of rheumatoid arthritis, 1 case of scleroderma, 4 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus, 2 cases of colitis ulcerosa, 2 cases of myasthenia gravis, 6 cases of Addison-Biermer disease, 3 cases of primary biliary cirrhosis and 3 cases of rhinitis allergica. There were 3 cases (1.5%) of additional auto-immunological or allergic disorder among the control subjects--1 case of type 1 diabetes mellitus and 2 cases of bronchial asthma. Because of the higher risk of coexisting auto-immnunologi-cal or allergic disorder, patients with autoimmunological thyroid disorders should be closely controlled.
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PMID:[Autoimmunological and allergic disorders with Hashimoto and Graves disease]. 1747 56

According to the 'Th(1)/Th(2) paradigm', children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) should have a lower risk of developing allergic sensitization and, because of the involvement of insulin in modulating airway inflammation, different frequency or severity in allergy-related respiratory manifestations. This article aims at evaluating the frequency and type of allergic sensitization and its respiratory manifestation, asthma and/or rhinitis, in a group of pediatric patients with T1DM. Patients (112) with T1DM, 7.8-16.9 yr of age (63 males and 49 females) were evaluated. Skin prick test (SPT) reactivity to the most common classes of aeroallergens were performed and compared with data obtained in 709 school-aged children. The frequency of sensitization was not different in the T1DM and in the control subjects (43.7% and 40.8%, respectively; p = 0.55), with similar proportions of individuals sensitized to one allergen (32.7% and 38.1%, respectively; p = 0.47). In both groups, sensitization to house dust mite allergens was the most frequently detected (69.4% and 65.4%, respectively; p = 0.59), with a higher proportions of individuals sensitized to Graminae (+Cynodon dactylon; p < 0.0001) and a lower, but weakly significant, proportion sensitized to Parietaria (p = 0.03) in the T1DM group, as compared with controls. No differences were found between T1DM and control groups in the proportion of individuals reporting rhinitis (26.8% and 29.2%; p = 0.60). However, comparing separately sensitized and non-sensitized subjects, a lower proportion of rhinitis subjects was detected in the non-sensitized T1DM patients, when compared with the non-sensitized control subjects (p = 0.01). In addition, no differences were detected between T1DM and control groups in frequency of symptoms related to 'lifetime asthma', i.e., asthma episodes during life (14.3% and 16.5%, respectively: p = 0.55), also when sensitized and non-sensitized subjects were evaluated separately (p = 0.12 and p = 1.00, respectively). However, no T1DM patient had 'actual asthma', i.e., asthma episodes in the last year, vs. 5.8% of the individuals in the control group (p = 0.009), the difference being mostly ascribed to sensitized subjects (p = 0.012). Finally, out of the 16 T1DM patients with 'lifetime asthma', 15 had mild intermittent disease and only one mild persistent disease. T1DM does not seem to play a downregulating role on the development of allergic sensitization to aeroallergens, but may lower the frequency or the severity of its clinical manifestations at respiratory level.
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PMID:Discrepancy between sensitization to inhaled allergens and respiratory symptoms in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. 1879

The impact of maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy on the extraskeletal health of the offspring has become a "hot topic" with a potential for cost-beneficial prevention. The objective of this study was to systematically review the level I and II evidence. PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched using the MeSH terms "vitamin D" AND "pregnancy" until 1 January 2012. The search was limited to randomized controlled trials (evidence level I) and observational studies (evidence level II) in humans and in the English language. Papers reporting on vitamin D supplementation in combination with other supplements, or not reporting on 25OHD or outcomes of the offspring were excluded. Six randomized controlled trials and 24 observational studies were finally included. In randomized controlled studies, vitamin D supplementation resulted in increased birthweight in one study, but showed no effect in five other studies. In cohort and case-control studies, higher vitamin D intake, or higher 25OHD, was associated with increased birthweight in large studies only, and modified by vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and by race (U-shaped in Caucasians in one unconfirmed study). The risks of HIV mother-to-child transmission, rhinitis symptoms and eczema were lower. Data were conflicting on the effect on respiratory infections and wheezing, whereas U-shaped associations to inhalant allergen-specific IgE at five years and to schizophrenia were reported in unconfirmed studies. The risk of type 1 diabetes at 15 years was lower or unchanged. It is concluded that observational studies suggest an effect of vitamin D on several outcomes. U-Shaped associations warrant caution.
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PMID:The impact of vitamin D in pregnancy on extraskeletal health in children: a systematic review. 2321 May 35

Postnatal maturation of immune regulation is largely driven by exposure to microbes. The gastrointestinal tract is the largest source of microbial exposure, as the human gut microbiome contains up to 10(14) bacteria, which is 10 times the number of cells in the human body. Several studies in recent years have shown differences in the composition of the gut microbiota in children who are exposed to different conditions before, during, and early after birth. A number of maternal factors are responsible for the establishment and colonization of gut microbiota in infants, such as the conditions surrounding the prenatal period, time and mode of delivery, diet, mother's age, BMI, smoking status, household milieu, socioeconomic status, breastfeeding and antibiotic use, as well as other environmental factors that have profound effects on the microbiota and on immunoregulation during early life. Early exposures impacting the intestinal microbiota are associated with the development of childhood diseases that may persist to adulthood such as asthma, allergic disorders (atopic dermatitis, rhinitis), chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, type 1 diabetes, obesity, and eczema. This overview highlights some of the exposures during the pre- and postnatal time periods that are key in the colonization and development of the gastrointestinal microbiota of infants as well as some of the diseases or disorders that occur due to the pattern of initial gut colonization.
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PMID:External influence of early childhood establishment of gut microbiota and subsequent health implications. 2534 25