Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011854 (type 1 diabetes)
 20,749 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

LP(a) lipoprotein, discovered by Berg, appears as an independent risk factor for atherogenesis with a weight similar to that of the total to HDL cholesterol ratio. It is probably synthesized in the liver and its metabolism is similar to that of LDL; however degradation is preferential mediated by monocytes and macrophages. It is structurally related to plasminogen and may interfere with fibrinolysis. In vitro, its atherogenic power surpasses that of LDL. Elevated levels of LP(a) are inherited as an autosomic codominant trait. Increased atherogenic risk, both at coronary and cerebrovascular sites, is associated to plasma LP(a) levels in excess of 20 mg/dl. Its plasma level increases during pregnancy, after menopause, with renal failure and in decompensated insulin dependent diabetes. Plasma levels are decreased by stanozolol and chronic alcoholism. Diet therapy is of no value for control of high LP(a) levels; only neomycin associated to nicotinic acid has proven effective.
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PMID:[LP (a) lipoprotein: a new independent risk factor for atherogenesis]. 184 Apr 58

Several autoimmune diseases have been linked to an aberrant expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products Ethanol enhances Class I and Class II products on a variety of cell types, and there is evidence for an autoimmune etiology in numerous pathologies associated with alcoholism. We examined whether ethanol alters the expression of Class I and Class II MHC products on human fetal islet-like cell clusters. Incubation of islet-like clusters for 48 hr in ethanol at a starting concentration of 1.5% increased the percentage of single cells expressing Class I. The percentage of cells expressing Class II did not change, but their relative mean fluorescence increased significantly. These findings suggest that alcohol ingestion could alter MHC expression on pancreatic islet cells in vivo perhaps affecting the development of diabetes in genetically predisposed individuals. These findings also support the hypothesis that the rising incidence of type 1 diabetes seen in areas of the world where the per capita consumption of alcohol is also increasing may be a consequence of the immunological effects of alcohol intake.
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PMID:Ethanol influences class I and class II MHC antigen expression on human fetal islet-like cell clusters. 192 54

During the second semester of 1981, all the diabetic patients who were hospitalized in the department (142 IDD and 75 NIDD) followed an educational program. Approximately half the patients were unable to follow the entire course, owing to visual, motor, intellectual or linguistic impairment. Few patients refused the course (8 cases). Evaluation of the theoretical knowledge at discharge showed poor results in 47% of IDD and 64% of NIDD, with patients in the latter group appearing to be less motivated. Advanced age, unemployment and alcoholism are detrimental factors. In contrast, among 71 IDD who followed only part of the course because of a handicap, 25 nevertheless acquired satisfactory knowledge, justifying an educational program with limited objectives. At follow-up at the outpatient clinic, insulin dependent patients exhibited better metabolic control, self-monitoring and acceptance of their disease; however, the patients who are seen at follow-up examinations are those who have the best theoretical knowledge. A comparative study of hospitalizations shows that admissions for hypoglycemia have decreased between 1978 and 1981, but education is not the only factor. The shortcomings and possible improvements are discussed.
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PMID:[Education of a hospitalized diabetic population]. 630 94

Zinc, an important enzymatic cofactor, takes part in numerous metabolic pathways. In man, zinc deficiencies may be due either to deficient absorption or to excessive use. In this study in 285 patients hospitalized in a department of internal medicine for acute or chronic conditions, serum zinc assays have shown the following results: serum zinc concentrations are significantly decreased in acute critical conditions (cardiovascular ischemic disorders, heart failure, infections); in chronic conditions, serum zinc is decreased in some instances (renal failure, cancer, alcoholism, diarrhea), while it remains normal in others (compensated heart failure, non-insulin dependent diabetes, arterial hypertension, obesity). The fall in serum zinc concentrations is usually correlated with the severity of the clinical condition.
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PMID:[The effect of various diseases on the zinc plasma level]. 630 73

The clinical features and evolution of 40 patients with diabetes mellitus secondary to chronic pancreatitis were reviewed and compared with 40 insulin dependent diabetics, matched for the disease duration. The diagnosis of pancreatitis was confirmed by the existence of pancreatic calcifications, surgery or autopsy and was associated to alcoholism in males and biliary diseases in females. Diabetes appeared, as a mean, 3 years after the diagnosis of pancreatitis. Ninety percent of subjects required insulin and, in males, these requirements were higher than their matched controls. Episodes of ketoacidosis were less frequent than in insulin dependent patients (8 vs 48% p < 0.001) and pulmonary tuberculosis had a higher prevalence (22.5 vs 5% p < 0.01). Nephropathy was observed with equal frequency in both groups but the incidence of retinopathy was higher in postpancreatic diabetics (38 vs 20% p < 0.01). It is concluded that the features of diabetes secondary to chronic pancreatitis are similar to those of insulin dependent diabetes, with some quantitative differences.
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PMID:[Post-pancreatitis diabetes: clinical experience in 40 cases]. 765 83

Dupuytren's disease of the hands was present in 55 (13.75%) of the 400 elderly ex-servicemen living at the Royal Hospital Chelsea. Five men (9.1%) reported the condition in either a parent or sibling, but none was aware of an affected child. The prevalence of heavy drinking, non-insulin dependent diabetes or manual occupation was statistically the same in those with or without the condition. Overall, both hands were equally affected, but they differed in severity in 29 men. In milder cases the left hand was the more severely affected (grades 1 and 2); the reverse was true when the difference in severity was greater (grade 3). Since the original description of Dupuytren's disease [1] attempts have been made to link it with a variety of other conditions. These have included trauma, alcoholism and cirrhosis, [2] epilepsy [3] and diabetes mellitus [4]. A genetic link is accepted [5]. The condition is more common in men than women and becomes increasingly common with advancing age [6]. The prevalence in elderly men has been reported as high as 28.9%, rising to 64.3% in surveys of affected families [7]. There are still many physicians who, with a knowing wink when they spot that one of their patients has a Dupuytren's contracture, mentally register that he is an alcoholic. This paper is an attempt to disprove this fairy story. It describes a survey of Dupuytren's disease in a population of elderly men drawn from all parts of the United Kingdom and Ireland.
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PMID:Dupuytren's contracture in pensioners at the Royal Hospital Chelsea. 842 37

Chronic pancreatitis is mainly due to longstanding alcoholism. In general treatment is based on drug therapy. The clinical appearance is determined by chronic pain, steatorrhoea and eventually by the onset of diabetes mellitus. Beyond other measures total avoidance of alcohol ingestion provides a condition of a more benign course of the disease. Treatment of pain consists of symptomatic therapy and prescription of pancreatic enzymes in order to lessen pancreatic stimulation by inhibition of feedback mechanisms. The same principle applies to the prescription of octreotide which is used only in selected cases since it has failed to prove general effectiveness. Symptoms of exocrine insufficiency are alleviated by substitution of pancreatic enzymes. Attention must be directed on dose and preparation of pancreatic enzymes being used. Treatment of pancreatogenic diabetes resembles therapy of type I diabetes mellitus. In principle treatment of chronic pancreatitis should be adjusted to the highly variable clinical appearance of the disease and requires a systematic approach. It has to be kept in mind that some complications of chronic pancreatitis [e.g. pseudocysts] may require surgical intervention.
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PMID:[Chronic pancreatitis: conservative therapy]. 868 54

The risk factors of stroke in young adults and in the whole population are the same in general, but there are some special risk factors in young adults. They are congenital or early acquired diseases which are complicating with early stroke. We studied the risk factors of cerebrovascular insults in 150 patients, 20-49 years old (Table 1). This was 26.04 percent of all patients that were hospitally treated in the urgent neurological department over one year. However, twenty years ago, this percent was 20.20 [2]. We found that arterial hypertension was dominant both among young adults (47.99 percent) and in the whole population (Table 2) [1-3]. Essential hypertension was the most frequent, and renal and thyreotoxical hypertensions were rare. The atherogenic level of low density and high density lipoproteins (LDL/HDL) was present in 14.66 percent of young adult patients [3]. Diabetes mellitus, a known risk factor of stroke, was found in 5.33 percent of our studied patients, especially in the juvenile form [1-3]. Besides juvenile diabetes mellitus, we found other risk factors that were characteristic of young adults: systemic lupus erythematosus (3.33 percent), which began at an early vital age, and numerous cerebrovascular complications appeared during the first five years of illness [7]. In this group of young adults, we found no other type of vasculitis, which also can be a risk factor of stroke. Great risk factors of stroke in young adults were arterial-venous malformation, brain aneurysm and congenital muscular hypoplasia of the carotide and middle caliber cerebral arteries-multiple progressive intracranial arterial occlusion or Nishimoto Takeuchi disease or Moya Moya disease, which were found in 3.99 percent of our patients. These diseases were complicated by cerebrovascular haemorrhagic or ischaemic insults over the young vital period [9]. The similar was with congenital or early acquired (rheumatic fever) heart valve defects (3.99 percent in our group), with early cerebrovascular complications due to cardiogenic thromboembolism mechanisms [10]. In 2 percent of patients the stroke was the consequence of anticoagulant therapy. These were the patients with operated heart valve defects (haemodynamic risk factor was eliminated, but haemorrheological risk factor was evident) [2, 3]. Also, disturbances of cardiac rhythm were risk factors of stroke in 2 percent of our patients. The mechanism of stroke originated is cardiogenic thromboembolism or global hypotension and the following ischaemia in the border brain zone [11]. All these risk factors were present in a relatively small number of patients, but they were "strong" risk factors of stroke, especially in young adults. On the other hand, there were nicotinism, alcoholism and obesity. They were present in a greater percent (25.33; 15.66; 18.66 percent), but their influence was slow and indirect by haemorrheologic mechanism (the increasing aggregation of platelets, reduced flexibility of red and white blood cells, changed prostacycline-prostaglandin relation in endothelial and blood cells, viscosity of blood, LDL/HDL) [2, 3, 12, 13]. A prolonged psychogenic stress (8.66 percent in our group) was, also, a risk factor of stroke. It induced increase in catecholamine level, arterial hypertension, constriction of blood vessels, endothelial cell damages, increased aggregation of platelets, changed prostacycline-prostaglandin relation, metabolism of lipids and polysaccharides) [2, 3]. We found no abuse of ephedrine [16] or cocaine [15] as risk factors of stroke in our group, although it was described in litterature. Also, we found no postoperative thromboemolism (foramen ovale apertum). Ischaemic cerebrovascular insults dominated (77.34 percent) in our group of patients. In one article (Canada) [17] haemorrhagic insults were dominant in young adults. In our opinion, the number of our patients was not adequated, as haemorrhagic stroke is also treated in neurosurgical departments. The mor
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PMID:[Risk factors for stroke in young people]. 910 54

A number of recent reports of linkage of markers on chromosome 10p to schizophrenia, and evidence for linkage in one study to bipolar affective disorder, provide encouragement for psychiatric genetics, after nonreplication of linkage findings at other chromosomal regions. The same region on chromosome 10 also demonstrates evidence for linkage to obesity, female alcoholism, and female type 1 diabetes. However, evidence for linkage can be confounded by the biological phenomenon of transmission ratio distortion. Transmission ratio distortion (also termed segregation distortion or meiotic drive) results in non-Mendelian segregation of alleles to live born offspring, and has not been investigated at the majority of loci for complex traits. We examined evidence for transmission ratio distortion using 40 Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) pedigrees across chromosome 10 using CEPH genotype data. Evidence for linkage of females to D10S211 was found (multipoint non-parametric linkage Z score [NPL] = 1.84, P = 0.040), while there was no linkage of this marker to male sex. The observation of possible transmission ratio distortion in females on chromosome 10p requires additional study, and may impact on the interpretation of positive linkage findings in this region. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 88:657-661, 1999.
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PMID:Transmission ratio distortion in females on chromosome 10p11-p15. 1058 1

Once a genetic region involved in a complex disease has been localized through linkage or association studies, we need methods to help us identify the actual disease predisposing genetic variant(s) in the region. A large number of single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) sites may exist in this region. It is important to identify genetic variants directly involved in disease from those in linkage disequilibrium, and thus associated with, the disease predisposing variant(s). A question of great interest is to test whether a SNP, or a combination of SNPs, that influence the trait under investigation have been identified. For many complex HLA-associated diseases, patterns of amino acid site variability raise the possibility that HLA-variation association with a disease may not be due to a given allele but rather one or more variable amino acid sites occurring on several alleles. Here the question is whether an amino acid variant or a combination of amino acid variants involved in disease are identified. To address this question, this paper proposes a permutation procedure for the haplotype method, to test whether all the sites involved in the disease have been identified using the haplotypic data of patients and controls. The method is based on the theoretical result of Valdes and Thomson, that, for each haplotype combination containing all the amino acid sites involved in the disease process, the relative frequencies of amino acid variants at sites not involved in disease, but in linkage disequilibrium with the disease-predisposing sites, are expected to be the same in patients and controls. This procedure takes into account the non-independence of the sites sampled and is robust to mode of inheritance and penetrance of the disease, and can definitely specify when all the disease predisposing sites have not been identified. Application to both simulated data and real data sets on type 1 diabetes and alcoholism indicates that the proposed procedure works well in testing the important null hypothesis of whether all the predisposing sites are identified.
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PMID:A permutation procedure for the haplotype method for identification of disease-predisposing variants. 1142 78


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