Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Relatively few studies of hypertension have been carried out in Mexican-Americans, a population characterized by high rates of obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. We therefore compared the prevalence of hypertension according to four different definitions in 3,297 Mexican-Americans and in 1,873 non-Hispanic whites from the San Antonio Heart Study, a population-based study of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. By all four definitions, the crude prevalence of hypertension in both sexes was lower in Mexican-Americans than in non-Hispanic whites, although only two of the eight pairwise comparisons were statistically significant. However, after adjusting for the potentially confounding effects of age, body mass index, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Mexican-Americans did have a statistically significant lower prevalence of both systolic and diastolic hypertension than did non-Hispanic whites in both sexes (odds ratios ranging from 0.66 to 0.71 depending on the definition of hypertension). The cause of this lower prevalence is unknown, but study of this ethnic group with elevated levels of risk factors for hypertension (obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and diabetes) may provide additional insights into the etiology of hypertension.
 ...
PMID:Decreased prevalence of hypertension in Mexican-Americans. 239 82

Microalbuminuria is associated with progression to renal disease in insulin-dependent diabetes and with increased mortality in noninsulin-dependent diabetes. In contrast, few studies have addressed the effect of microalbuminuria on cardiovascular risk in nondiabetics. We, therefore, determined the level of microalbuminuria in 316 nondiabetic subjects from the San Antonio Heart Study, a population-based study of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors. Microalbuminuria (greater than or equal to 30 mg/l) was found in 42 of these 316 subjects (13%). Subjects with microalbuminuria had significantly higher blood pressure, triglyceride concentration, sum of insulin concentrations during a glucose tolerance test, and prevalence of hypertension and of self-reported myocardial infarction than subjects without microalbuminuria. When subjects with hypertension were excluded (n = 27), normotensive subjects with microalbuminuria (n = 31) still had significantly higher triglyceride concentrations and insulin sum than normotensive subjects without microalbuminuria (n = 258), suggesting that an increased atherogenic risk factor pattern exists even in normotensive subjects with microalbuminuria. Microalbuminuria may be a marker for cardiovascular risk, although it is not certain whether microalbuminuria causes these metabolic changes or results from some metabolic disturbance such as insulin resistance.
 ...
PMID:Microalbuminuria. Potential marker for increased cardiovascular risk factors in nondiabetic subjects? 240

Over the past decade the clinical results of kidney transplantation have improved substantially, with much of the benefit being attributed to the introduction in late 1983 of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine. To assess the effect of cyclosporine on the use of hospital services, we studied 702 patients who received kidney transplants at the University of California, San Francisco, between July 1982 and June 1986. All services were priced in constant 1985 dollars, and multiple regression analysis was used to adjust for changing patient and hospital characteristics. The introduction of cyclosporine for patients receiving kidneys from cadavers was associated with a significantly shorter adjusted mean postoperative stay (26.4 days as compared with 37.0 for patients not taking the drug; P less than 0.0001) and lower adjusted mean hospital charges ($28,649 as compared with $37,895; P less than 0.0001), although cyclosporine was not associated with changes in the use of services by patients who received transplants from living related donors. Cyclosporine was also associated with a reduction in the use of certain ancillary services, such as laboratory tests and radiographic procedures. In patients without diabetes who received cadaver kidneys, a sequential cyclosporine regimen (in which a combination of antilymphoblast globulin, prednisone, and azathioprine was given before cyclosporine) reduced the use of hospital services even more than did a cyclosporine regimen in which the combination was not given. The results suggest that new medications, such as cyclosporine, that reduce the frequency of complications and improve outcomes may also reduce the use of hospital resources.
 ...
PMID:The effect of cyclosporine on the use of hospital resources for kidney transplantation. 231 40

Resistance to insulin action is a well-established feature of type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes and is believed by many to contribute to the etiology of this condition. We therefore characterized restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms of the insulin-receptor gene with the restriction enzyme Rsa 1 in 242 Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic Whites with type II diabetes and 202 age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched control subjects who participated in a population-based study in San Antonio. Alleles of 6.7 kilobases (kb) (A allele), 6.2 kb (B allele), and 3.4 kb (C allele) were identified. The C allele was observed in Mexican Americans only, where its frequency among nondiabetic control subjects was 17.7%. Diabetic Mexican Americans were twice as likely as control subjects to be homozygous for the C allele. The crude odds ratio for diabetes in CC homozygotes compared with the other two genotypes was 2.22, although this result was not statistically significant (chi 2 = 1.57, P = .21). The Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio, adjusting for age, however, indicated a 4.71-fold increased risk of diabetes among Mexican Americans with the CC genotype compared with Mexican Americans without this genotype (chi 2 = 5.38, P = .020). The age of onset of diabetes was also slightly younger in CC homozygote cases (45.4 +/- 9.2 yr) than in CX or XX cases (47.7 +/- 9.0 and 48.6 +/- 9.6 yr, respectively), although this difference was not statistically significant (P .467).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Diabetes 1989 Aug
PMID:Type II diabetes mellitus and polymorphism of insulin-receptor gene in Mexican Americans. 256 58

Serum insulin concentrations are higher in persons with a positive parental history of diabetes than in persons without such a history. Since hyperinsulinemia is associated with both an increased prevalence of hypertension and an atherogenic pattern of serum lipids and lipoproteins, we hypothesized that among nondiabetic persons, a parental history of diabetes would be associated with an atherogenic pattern of cardiovascular risk factors. In the San Antonio Heart Study, a population-based study of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, we examined 549 nondiabetic persons with a parental history of diabetes and 1167 nondiabetic persons without such a history. Compared to persons without a parental history of diabetes, those with such a history had a more atherogenic pattern of cardiovascular risk factors, including higher body mass index, higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures, higher serum insulin and triglyceride concentrations, and lower levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. After adjustment for serum insulin concentration, body mass index, and waist-to-hip ratio, the differences in lipids, lipoproteins, and blood pressure between the two parental history groups were no longer statistically significant. Since persons with a parental history of diabetes are more likely to be prediabetics, the present results suggest that prediabetics have an increased risk of coronary heart disease even before they become diabetic. This phenomenon may help explain why the duration of clinical diabetes is only weakly associated with the risk of coronary heart disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Parental history of diabetes is associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors. 268 6

Several studies have reported association between noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and GC, the vitamin D binding protein of human plasma, with the GC 1 allele in significant excess among diabetics. Additionally, there is a considerable body of animal data suggesting that vitamin D has a significant impact on insulin secretion. Examination of the insulin levels in Dogrib Indians showed that the lowest levels of fasting insulin were associated with the GC IF-IF genotype. The present study examined levels of glucose, C-peptide, and insulin at fasting and 1 hr and 2 hr following a 75 g oral glucose challenge, in a population of Hispanic-Americans and Anglos in the San Luis Valley of southern Colorado. The sample comprised a total of 468 individuals with normal glucose tolerance. Of these, 289 were Anglos and 179 were Hispanic-Americans. An analysis of covariance was performed to determine the effect of the GC genotypes on mean levels of the primary variables--glucose, C-peptide, and insulin--and a secondary variable--insulinogenic index adjusting for the covariates age, body mass index (BMI), gender, and ethnicity. The analyses revealed that there is a significant difference in mean levels of glucose at fasting (F value = 2.46; P = 0.033) among the GC genotypes in the sample. Additionally, the differences in mean levels of 1 hr postprandial glucose among the GC genotypes although not significant at a 5% level, were significant at the 10% level. No other significant phenotypic effects were observed. These analyses are not in concordance with the results of an earlier study, where lower fasting insulin was associated with the GC 1F-1F genotype.
 ...
PMID:On the role of vitamin D binding globulin in glucose homeostasis: results from the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. 269 26

Mexican Americans have a threefold greater prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) than non-Hispanic Whites. Moreover, Mexican-American diabetic people have more severe hyperglycemia and diabetic retinopathy than non-Hispanic White diabetic people. Mexican Americans are predominantly of low socioeconomic status (SES), and low-SES Mexican Americans have a higher prevalence of NIDDM than higher-SES Mexican Americans. Therefore, we hypothesized that among diabetic people, low SES would be associated with more severe hyperglycemia and retinopathy. Three hundred forty-three Mexican Americans and 79 non-Hispanic Whites with NIDDM were identified from the San Antonio Heart Study, a population-based study of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Hyperglycemia was assessed as the sum of the fasting, 1-h, and 2-h plasma glucose concentrations during a standard oral glucose tolerance test. Retinopathy was assessed by 7 standard stereoretinal photographs. SES was assessed with three indicators: Duncan's socioeconomic index, education, and income. Contrary to expectations, low SES was not associated with greater levels of hyperglycemia or grades of retinopathy.
Diabetes Care 1989 Feb
PMID:Effects of socioeconomic status on hyperglycemia and retinopathy levels in Mexican Americans with NIDDM. 234 10

Previous studies of hospitalized and ambulatory patients have found a higher prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in diabetic than nondiabetic subjects. We examined this association in a geographically based study among 551 residents of the San Luis Valley of Colorado and found no statistically significant increase in the relative risk of nasal S. aureus colonization in 188 non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) versus 363 nondiabetic subjects (relative risk 1.3, 95% confidence limits 0.9-1.8). Adjustment for confounding by age, sex, ethnicity, county of residence, and frequency of hospitalizations or physician visits in the previous year did not affect the results. Among the diabetic subjects, S. aureus colonization was not associated with type of treatment for diabetes, level of glucose control, clinical duration of diabetes, or frequency of hospitalizations or physician visits in the previous year. In this population-based study, diabetes mellitus did not increase S. aureus nasal colonization, suggesting that factors other than diabetes mellitus may have caused the higher colonization rate found in previous clinic-based studies.
Diabetes Care 1989 Mar
PMID:NIDDM and prevalence of nasal Staphylococcus aureus colonization. San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. 270 9

Previous data have indicated that decreased sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) is associated with increased overall and upper body adiposity and higher levels of glucose, insulin and triglyceride (TG) and decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Since Mexican Americans have greater overall and upper body adiposity, higher rates of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, higher TG and lower HDL levels than non-Hispanic whites, we postulated that they would also have lower levels of SHBG. We measured total testosterone and total estradiol using a commercial radioimmunoassy and SHBG using a dextran-coated charcoal technique in premenopausal women (61 Mexican American and 39 non-Hispanic white) as part of the San Antonio Heart Study, a population-based study of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors. There were no significant ethnic differences in total testosterone or total estradiol. SHBG, however, was lower in Mexican American (0.285 micrograms/dl) than in non-Hispanic white women (0.429 micrograms/dl) (P = 0.009). After adjustment for body mass index (BMI), ratio of waist-to-hip circumference (WHR) and ratio of subscapular-to-triceps skinfolds (centrality index), SHBG remained lower in Mexican Americans (0.307 micrograms/dl) than in non-Hispanic whites (0.396 micrograms/dl), although this difference was no longer statistically significant (P = 0.083). BMI, WHR and centrality index were all negatively associated with SHBG (P less than 0.01). The lower levels of SHBG in premenopausal Mexican American women compared to non-Hispanic white women may reflect greater in-vivo androgenicity and may be related to a variety of metabolic abnormalities seen in this ethnic group.
 ...
PMID:Relationship of sex hormone binding globulin to overall adiposity and body fat distribution in a biethnic population. 270 88

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity, disability, and death among patients with type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Moreover, hyperlipidemia is also common among these patients. Despite this, there are virtually no data regarding the level of awareness and treatment of hyperlipidemia among diabetic subjects at the community level. We therefore examined 374 Mexican-Americans and 86 non-Hispanic whites with type II diabetes identified in an epidemiologic survey that involved 3279 Mexican-Americans and 1847 non-Hispanic whites who resided in San Antonio, Tex. More than 40% of the diabetic subjects were hyperlipidemic according to the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program, and an additional 23% had hypertriglyceridemia and/or low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. By contrast, less than one fourth of the nondiabetic subjects were hyperlipidemic. Only approximately 25% of non-Hispanic whites with diabetes were aware of their hyperlipidemia, and less than 10% were receiving treatment. Awareness and treatment were even less frequent among Mexican-Americans with diabetes. Community physicians should be encouraged to give early attention to the management of lipid disorders in their diabetic patients.
 ...
PMID:Lack of awareness and treatment of hyperlipidemia in type II diabetes in a community survey. 249 11


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>