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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Tissue culture for one or seven days of pancreatic islets isolated from 21-day old fetal rats was found to be associated with a marked increase in the oxidation of L-(U-14C) glutamine by intact islets and in the activity of both alanine-glutamate and aspartate-glutamate transaminases as well as glutamate dehydrogenase in islet homogenates. This coincided with an increase in the relative amount of mitochondrial DNA. The activities of glucose-phosphorylating enzymes (hexokinase and glucokinase), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase were less markedly increased during the culture period than those of enzymes involved in amino acid catabolism and located, in part at least, in mitochondria. The combined data suggest that the functional maturation of fetal islets during the culture period is associated with and may be attributable to a preferential maturation of their mitochondria.
Diabetes Res 1990 Apr
PMID:Maturation of fetal rat islet cells in vitro during tissue culture is associated with increased mitochondrial function. 213 6

To identify early markers of the preclinical stage of diabetic nephropathy, a study was made of the activity of the specific canalicular enzymes in urine: N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), beta-glucuronidase (beta-G1), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (AP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in patients with diabetes mellitus without (26) and with (15) proteinuria. Patients without the clinical signs of diabetic nephropathy manifested a significant rise of excretion of lysosomal enzymes of the proximal canaliculi (NAG and beta-G1). Concomitant elevation of the excretion of several enzymes (NAG, beta-Gl, GGT and AP) was observed in 50% of cases. Patients with diabetic nephropathy demonstrated an increase of the excretion of all enzymes under study. Puncture biopsy of the kidneys was made in 4 patients without proteinuria with insignificant duration of diabetes mellitus and concomitant elevation of the excretion of a number of enzymes. Light microscopy revealed minimal changes in the glomeruli, whereas electron microscopy changes both in the glomeruli and in the canaliculi. The morphological changes in renal tissue confirm the diagnostic importance of high concomitant excretion of canalicular enzymes (NAG, beta-Gl, AP) as a marker of the preclinical stage of diabetic nephropathy.
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PMID:[Urinary enzymes as a marker of the preclinical stage of diabetic nephropathy]. 262 51

The effects of a beta-blocker, propranolol, on the enzyme and isoenzyme activities in the heart muscle in vitro and concomitant histopathology of the component cells of the islets of Langerhans were studied in the Wistar rats after treatment with streptozotocin and isoproterenol. The biochemical data indicated that the isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction (MI) precipitates an acute diabetic response in the rat heart. The superimposition of MI in diabetes mellitus caused significant inhibition of phosphofructokinase and hexokinase in the heart muscle. The lactate dehydrogenase depicted shifting of H-type to M-type in diabetes with or without MI. The drugs, when administered in combination, brought distinctive histopathological changes in beta-cells of the pancreatic islets including degranulation, hyalinosis and a near-total destruction; however A and D cells remained more or less unaffected. The effect of propranolol in diabetes mellitus was uncertain but in MI with or without prior diabetes, the drug inversely altered the activities of all the cardiac enzymes, besides stimulating a mild recuperation of the cells of the endocrine parenchyma.
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PMID:Myocardial dysfunction in diabetic rats: influence of beta-adrenoceptor blockade (propranolol). 263 86

Increase in activity of lactate dehydrogenase, of its isoenzymes LDH1, LDH2 and LDH3 as well as in content of lactic acid with simultaneous decrease in the pyruvic acid content were found in brain hemispheres of rats with alloxan diabetes. A decrease in the rate of energy reactions in rat brain hemispheres, caused by impairment of glucose oxidation in the Krebs cycle, proved to be the specific property of metabolic alterations in these cells under conditions of hypoinsulinemia.
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PMID:[Hypoinsulinemia and bioenergetic processes in the rat cerebral cortex]. 304 69

Exercise-induced changes in the activity of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDG) and its isoenzymes, CK, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, were examined in postmyocardial-infarction coronary patients with second-type diabetes mellitus and 18 chronic coronary patients with second-type diabetes mellitus. Patients from both groups showed increased total LDG and LDG-5 activity at rest and reduced total LDG, LDG-1, LDG-2 and LDG-3 activity in response to exercise, which may be an evidence of prevailing anaerobic glycolysis as a manifestation of tissue hypoxia. Rationed bicycle ergometric exercise produces no rise in blood CK, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities in coronary patients with second-type diabetes mellitus, suggesting that exercise of this kind has no damaging effect on myocardial and skeletal-muscle myocytes.
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PMID:[Value of determining serum enzyme activity during the exercise test in evaluating the functional condition of patients with ischemic heart disease and concomitant diabetes mellitus]. 323 Jul 84

Isolated pancreatic acini from streptozocin-induced diabetic rats were used to study the role of insulin on the synthesis of specific cellular proteins. When acini were incubated with 0-100 nM insulin for 2 h and then pulsed with [35S]methionine, a dose-dependent increase in [35S]methionine incorporation into total cellular proteins was observed. When acinar cell lysates were subjected to gel electrophoresis, 12 major newly synthesized protein bands were resolved. Insulin (100 nM) increased the incorporation of [35S]methionine into all bands but with significantly different rates, varying from 84 to 216% of control. Next, specific antibodies to amylase, trypsin, ribonuclease, myosin, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were used to evaluate the biosynthesis of known proteins. Insulin stimulated labeled amino acid incorporation into amylase by 148% over control. Insulin stimulated the synthesis of trypsinogen to a similar degree, but ribonuclease synthesis showed a significantly smaller increase of 53% over control. Insulin stimulated myosin and LDH synthesis by 169 and 184%, respectively. A differential pattern of protein synthesis was also observed when acini were treated with two other stimulators of protein synthesis, cholecystokinin and hemin. Both of these stimulators had a reduced effect on ribonuclease synthesis compared with amylase and trypsinogen synthesis but failed to increase myosin synthesis. When the RNAs extracted from control acini and acini treated with 100 nM insulin were translated in vitro, the proteins synthesized were quantitatively similar. This study therefore indicates that insulin has translational effects on acinar protein synthesis, and these effects are nonparallel for various specific acinar cell proteins.
Diabetes 1987 Sep
PMID:Insulin and other stimulants have nonparallel translational effects on protein synthesis. 330 74

Seven middle-aged men with manifest type II diabetes mellitus underwent an endurance training programme for 10-15 weeks. The maximal aerobic capacity, as well as the endurance capacity, was improved by 10% (p less than 0.05). The intramuscular glycogen store increased by more than 80% (p less than 0.05) from 350 mumol/g dw (dry weight), and the activities of citrate synthase and 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase increased by more than 50% (p less than 0.05) and 30% (p less than 0.05). The activity of glycogen synthase was decreased by approximately 20% (p less than 0.05), whereas lactate dehydrogenase remained unchanged. Capillaries/fibre and fibre area increased by more than 50% (p less than 0.05) and 30% (p less than 0.05) leaving the area of supply constant. Training did not influence fasting blood lipids and glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, oral glucose tolerance, and insulin response to an oral glucose load measured 72 hours post-exercise. It is concluded that patients with manifest type II diabetes, as normoglycaemic individuals, adapt to physical training. However, no persistent effect on glucohomeostasis and lipaemia is produced by short-term training in the diabetic patients.
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PMID:Skeletal muscle adaptations to physical training in type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. 336 17

Enzyme activity in the livers of mice was studied in examining the metabolic disturbances of diabetes. Spontaneously non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, mice with alloxan-induced diabetes (Allo), and control ICR mice were used. As NOD mice undergo a spontaneous pathogenic process over time, younger and older NOD mice were compared (non-diabetic and diabetic) as were control ICR mice. Two liver enzymes became more active with age, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). AST activity increased more in the hyperglycemic mice, i.e., the diabetic NOD and the Allo mice, than in the normoglycemic group, i.e., the ICR and non-diabetic NOD mice. Abnormally high AST activity was seen in the cytosolic fraction of the liver but not in the mitochondrial fraction. The changes in enzyme activity in diabetic mice were independent of any age-associated changes. The higher AST levels in diabetic mice are thought to be consistent with their greater need for gluconeogenic substrate. AST showed a more notably higher increase than did ALT in this study, and lactate dehydrogenase showed no significant changes.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1988 May 19
PMID:Aminotransferase activity in the liver of diabetic mice. 340 35

The EXPERT consultation system-building tool, a knowledge-based artificial intelligence program developed at Rutgers University, has been applied to the development of a laboratory consultation system facilitating sequential laboratory testing and interpretation. Depending on the results of a basic panel of laboratory tests, the system requests that specific secondary tests be performed. Input of these secondary findings can result in requests for tertiary testing, to complete the database necessary for interpretation. Interpretation of all results is based upon final inferences from the collected findings through a series of rules, a hierarchical network that yields an efficient production system not easily obtained through conventional programming. The rules included in this model are based upon initial results for total protein, calcium, glucose, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, thyroxin, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and the concentrations of four drugs. Pertinent clinical history items included are jaundice, diabetes, thyroid disease, medications, and ethanol. Implementing this system in a laboratory-based accelerated testing program involving outpatients maximized the effective use of laboratory resources, eliminated useless testing, and provided the patient with low-cost laboratory information.
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PMID:Application of the EXPERT consultation system to accelerated laboratory testing and interpretation. 352 78

The effect of short-term diabetes, 5 days after the administration of streptozotocin, on renal growth and the activity of alternative pathways of glucose metabolism was studied in immature (21-day-old) rats and in adult rats. The kidney weight increased by 28% in the adult diabetic rats, but by only 10% in the immature diabetic rats, relative to their age-matched control groups. The flux of glucose via the pentose phosphate pathway was increased 2-3-fold in the adult diabetic rats, but was unchanged in the immature diabetic group. Enzymes of this pathway (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) increased by 29% and 77% respectively in adult diabetic rats; in the immature group they showed changes of +5% and +28% respectively. The rate of glucose phosphorylation increased significantly in both groups of diabetic rats; only minor changes were observed in oxidation via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Increases of 40-50% were found in the activity of enzymes involved in UDP-glucose metabolism (phosphoglucomutase, UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase and UDPglucose dehydrogenase) and in lactate dehydrogenase in both young and adult animals. The results suggest a differential renal response to streptozotocin-diabetes according to the stage of renal growth and development, and it is proposed that the difference is related to the developmental emergence of aldose reductase. Enzymes involved in formation of ribose 5-phosphate and NADPH are strikingly increased in the adult diabetic, whereas metabolic functions dependent on a high ambient glucose concentration, e.g. synthesis of glycogen and glucuronate, are similarly affected in adult and immature diabetic groups, both showing certain aspects of 'glucose overutilization'.
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PMID:Renal hypertrophy in experimental diabetes. Effect of diabetes on the pathways of glucose metabolism: differential response in adult and immature rats. 371 86


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