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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two separate sets of experiments were performed on female Wistar rats made diabetic with streptozotocin: (1) a time-course study where groups of three animals were removed at weekly intervals, up to 4 weeks after induction of diabetes, with an age-matched group of control (normal) animals kept for 4 weeks; (2) six further animals were made diabetic and kept for 7 weeks; three of these were given insulin in the final week. At the required time the animals were anaesthetized and the salivary glands removed and preserved by fixation or freezing. The frozen tissues were later homogenized and the protein and lipid content analysed. Histologically, intracellular lipid droplets had accumulated in the majority of the diabetic salivary glands. In the time-course experiment, the visible amount of intracellular lipid reached a maximum after 2 weeks and then decreased, with a concomitant disappearance of interstitial lipid. The increased lipid content was not attributable to any one class. The fatty acid profiles of the glands showed an increase in the percentages of C18:0 (stearic acid) and C18:2w6 (linoleic acid) and a decrease in the percentages of C18:1w9 (oleic acid) and C20:4w6 (arachidonic acid). After 1 week of insulin treatment the lipid content and the fatty acid profiles returned to normal. Thus the effect of insulin on salivary gland lipid metabolism is rapid both in its occurrence and reversibility. The effects seen in the diabetic rats are considered to be due to a lack of insulin and not to the presence of streptozotocin.
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PMID:Lipid analysis of the major salivary glands in streptozotocin-diabetic rats and the effects of insulin treatment. 138 16

The results of gas chromatographic measurements of phospholipid fatty acid spectrum and free cholesterol in the blood serum and red cells of diabetics are presented. A deficit of polyunsaturated fatty acids (at the expense of C18:2 and C20:4) in the presence of a high free cholesterol level was found to be a characteristic feature of diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:[Gas chromatographic determination of phospholipid fatty acids and free cholesterol in a single sample]. 172 46

The content of individual fatty acid component in mitochondria of livers from thyroidectomized (Tx) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was measured to investigate how different hormones are interrelated to control the amount of a particular fatty acid in mitochondria. The results showed (1) diabetes, in general, affected fatty acid contents more severely than hypothyroidism, regardless of the direction of the changes; (2) Hypothyroidism and diabetes affected antagonistically the contents of C16 species and C18:1, which belong to a de novo synthesis (oleate series). However, the two pathological conditions affected synergistically those of higher unsaturated species, eg. C18:2, C20:3 and C20:4, which belong to a dietary-dependent synthesis (linoleate series). These results strongly indicated that each desaturation site and elongation site is affected in a preferential order by either thyroid hormone or insulin, and that hypothyroidism and diabetes have their effects differently on the process of de novo synthesis and the pathways initiated from an essential fatty acid in mitochondria.
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PMID:Synergistic and antagonistic effects on fatty acid composition in the liver mitochondria of rats by thyroidectomy and streptozotocin-administration. 183 32

Amylin is a 37-amino acid pancreatic polypeptide, probably involved in the pathophysiology of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. We have determined amylin in human plasma by extraction-based radioimmunoassay (Sep-Pak C18). Of 23 healthy control subjects plasma amylin was determined as 11.9 +/- 3.5 ng/l. Of 27 patients with Type 2 diabetes receiving insulin the amylin levels were lower, and in 16 patients with Type 2 diabetes on oral medication they were higher than in the control subjects; 8.2 +/- 4.4 ng/l (p less than 0.01) vs 18.8 +/- 9.9 ng/l (p less than 0.05). In 14 Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients we found extremely low mean amounts of amylin: 2.9 +/- 1.9 ng/l (p less than 0.002). Thus, basal amylin appears to be associated with the capacity to release insulin. An oral glucose load stimulated the release of amylin, this was more pronounced in patients with Type 2 diabetes than in healthy subjects. An excellent correlation of mean amylin with mean insulin concentrations was obtained (r = 0.949). In patients with Type 2 diabetes amylin was reduced congruent to decreases in C-peptide during a hyperinsulinaemic, euglycaemic glucose clamp experiment (r = 0.971 for linear correlation between C-peptide levels and amylin). We conclude, that amylin and insulin are co-secreted in humans, and that the amylin release is under feedback-control by insulin.
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PMID:Basal and stimulated plasma levels of pancreatic amylin indicate its co-secretion with insulin in humans. 205 40

Experiments on 5 test and 16 control Wistar-Kyoto rats have shown that streptozocin diabetes mellitus complicated by proteinuria is characterized by the following changes of the fatty acid spectrum of platelet phospholipids: a decrease in the content of C18:2p6, C18:3p3, C20:4p6, C20:3p9, C20:5p3, in the sum of fatty acids of the linoleic group and the ratio of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids and an increase in the content of C18:0, C20:2p6 and C20:3p6. These changes were accompanied by an increase in the platelet aggregation ability, an increase in their synthesis of thromboxane A2 and a decrease in the synthesis of prostacyclin I2 by vascular endothelium and account for them, to a certain degree. The obtained results are promising with relation to achieving a positive effect of the diets, rich in linoleic acid, for prophylaxis of vascular complications in diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:[Tha fatty acid spectrum of the thrombocyte phospholipids in experimental diabetes mellitus complicated by proteinuria]. 239 42

In order to clarify the mode of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) release and the effect of autonomic nerve function on ANP release, we measured plasma ANP concentrations in response to hypertonic saline infusion in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) having or not having autonomic neuropathy (AN). Studies were made on 72 normal subjects (male 44, female 28; 53.0 +/- 0.9 yr.), and 63 patients with NIDDM (male 36, female 27; 56.9 +/- 2.1 yr.). The patients with NIDDM were divided into two groups: Group A was 48 diabetics without AN, and Group B was 15 diabetics with AN. Six patients selected randomly from each group and 6 normal subjects were given an infusion of hypertonic saline (2.5% NaCl) at a rate of 0.25 ml/min/kg over 45 min. Autonomic nerve function was estimated by clinical symptoms, coefficient of variation of R-R intervals (CVR-R), Valsalva test and Schellong test. Plasma ANP concentration was measured by a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) after extraction using SEP-PAK C18 cartridge reported previously. The mean plasma concentration of ANP was 20.7 +/- 1.8 pg/ml (mean +/- SEM) in normal subjects, 24.3 +/- 2.4 pg/ml in NIDDM patients without AN, and 26.4 +/- 3.6 pg/ml in NIDDM patients with AN. There was no significant difference in these levels among the 3 groups. The fasting plasma concentration of ANP in diabetics as well as in normal subjects increased parallel with age. In 12 diabetics, plasma concentrations of ANP significantly elevated from 27.6 +/- 2.0 pg/ml to 149.4 +/- 29.8 pg/ml at 60 min after start of hypertonic saline infusion as compared with 6 normal subjects in whom the levels increased from 15.6 +/- 2.9 pg/ml to 34.1 +/- 5.7 pg/ml at 75 min. On the other hand, the plasma ANP concentration in response to hypertonic saline infusion in NIDDM patients with AN (71.8 +/- 14.4 pg/ml, at 60 min) was lower than that in NIDDM patients without AN (224.2 +/- 38.2 pg/ml, at 60 min). Area under the curve (AUC) of plasma ANP of NIDDM patients with AN after hypertonic saline infusion was 6560 +/- 879.6 pg.min/ml (normal subjects, 2575.6 +/- 444.6 pg.min/ml), which was significantly lower than that of NIDDM patients without AN (13757.8 +/- 1148.4 pg.min/ml). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between AUC and CVR-R in patients with NIDDM. These results indicate that the response of plasma ANP to hypertonic saline infusion in NIDDM patients is significantly higher than in normal subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and effect of autonomic neuropathy]. 252 81

Pancreatic islets were prepared from 22-day-old rat fetuses. After 5 days of culture in dishes allowing cell attachment, neoformed islets were kept free floating in RPMI-1640 medium (16.5 mM glucose, 1% fetal calf serum). The islets were then pulsed with [3H]leucine and [35S]methionine for 24 h. The conditioned medium was acidified with acetic acid (final pH 2.7), desalted, concentrated, and gel filtered on Bio-Gel P100 in acid conditions. The radioactive material that comigrated with immunoreactive insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I) produced by the islets was pooled, concentrated, and further characterized by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on a C18 Bondapak column with a linear gradient of acetonitrile (20-80%). The radioactive material that eluted as pure IGF-I (40% acetonitrile) was further studied by chromatofocusing on a Pharmacia PBE 94 column. A sharp radioactive peak containing [3H]leucine and [35S]methionine was eluted at pH 8.55. This material was immunoprecipitated with an antiserum to IGF-I. This study demonstrated that fetal islet cells synthesize molecules that are, by several criteria, equivalent to native IGF-I.
Diabetes 1989 Jun
PMID:Characterization of insulinlike growth factor I produced by fetal rat pancreatic islets. 265 37

Employing high-performance liquid chromatography with isocratic elution using a two-column system (mu Bondapak C18 and mu Bondapak CN) and phenyl isothiocyanate as a fluorogenic reagent, NG-monomethylarginine (MMA). NG-dimethylarginines, and epsilon-N-trimethyllysine (TML) can be quatitatively separated from human serum samples. The recoveries of these amino acids were over 90%. It was observed that the serum concentrations of MMA, DMA and TML were significantly elevated in sera obtained from patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, hepatitis or hyperthyroidism, particularly the last condition.
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PMID:Determination of methylated amino acids in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. 313 87

A simple post-column derivatization method for the fluorometric determination of biguanides (buformin and phenformin) in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography is described. The serum was treated with 4% perchloric acid to precipitate proteins, and the supernatant was directly injected into the column. Synthesized 9,10-phenanthrenequinonesulphonate (PSQ) was used as a fluorogenic reagent and added to the mobile phase. Biguanides were separated within 10 min on a Radial-Pak microBondapak C18 cartridge (10 microns, 10 cm x 8 mm I.D.) by reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography. They were then allowed to react with PQS in an alkaline stream and detected fluorometrically. This method was applied to the analysis of serum from patients with diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Fluorometric determination of biguanides in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with reagent-containing mobile phase. 321 62

With biochemical and enzymatic treatment of frozen sections of pancreas, we have previously shown that cytoplasmic islet cell antibodies (ICAs) react with carbohydrate determinants of islet cell glycoconjugates. As a first step toward purifying these glycoconjugates, human pancreas tissue was extracted in a mixture of chloroform and methanol, and the glycolipids were obtained by effecting a Folch partition. The protein pellet, lipid fraction, and glycolipid fraction so obtained were assessed for their ability to block the binding of ICAs to frozen sections of human pancreas, the effect being quantitated with a photometer. Only the glycolipid extract could block ICA binding, and blocking was dose dependent. Subfractionation of the glycolipid extract by hydrophobic interaction on C18 cartridges demonstrated that blocking activity resided in the fraction bound and eluted with methanol, consistent with the autoantigen being a glycolipid. Furthermore, the binding of an anti-islet cell ganglioside monoclonal antibody, 3G5, could be blocked with these extracts, whereas the binding of an anti-islet cell protein monoclonal antibody, 4F2, was unaffected. The major gangliosides of the pancreas were seen to be GM3 and GD3 by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Fractions scraped and eluted from TLC plates were tested for their ability to block ICA binding to pancreatic sections. Neither GM3- nor GD3-containing fractions could block ICA binding; however, a fraction containing minor pancreatic gangliosides (including GM2) of monosialoganglioside mobility was a potent inhibitor of ICA binding to pancreas sections. TLC of a chloroform-methanol extract of human islets demonstrated that islets differentially express monosialogangliosides (especially GM2).
Diabetes 1988 May
PMID:Binding of cytoplasmic islet cell antibodies is blocked by human pancreatic glycolipid extracts. 328 49


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