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Query: UMLS:C0011849 (diabetes)
 277,896 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The prevalence and causes of anemia have been studied in 104 patients over 60 years of age admitted to a general medical ward in Jerusalem. In males and females, mean hemoglobin levels were about 1 g less than in the corresponding groups of healthy younger controls. A primary nutritional anemia could not be implicated in any of the 15 patients with hemoglobins below 11 g/dl. The most important causes of anemia were chronic renal failure, metastatic carcinoma, gastrointestinal bleeding, and infection. Conversely, in diseases with no adverse effect on erythropoiesis such as chronic ischemic heart disease, hypertension and diabetes, hemoglobin levels were equal to those of the younger controls. These findings indicate that although diminished serum iron and RBC folate levels may occasionally be found in elderly subjects, nutritional deficiency is seldom responsible for anemia in this age group in Israel- and anemia when present is often the manifestation of a chronic underlying disease.
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PMID:Prevalence and causes of anemia in elderly hospitalized patients. 31 45

Glycosylated hemoglobins result from post-translational changes in the hemoglobin molecule, and their levels correlate well with glycemic levels over the previous six to 10 weeks. Their use as an aid in monitoring diabetic control appears to be well established, but their value in predicting complications of diabetes and in diagnosing milder forms of diabetes is as yet unknown. Of the numerous methods available for the analysis of glycosylated hemoglobins, none has been evaluated extensively in a routine laboratory setting. However, liquid chromatography, isoelectric focusing, and radioimmunoassay techniques all give adequate results. For the purposes of monitoring long term diabetic control, assay of the fast hemoglobin fraction (AIa+b+c) appears adequate. However, for investigative purposes, when optimal sensitivity may be required, specific measurement of hemoglobin AIc is recommended.
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PMID:Glycosylated hemoglobins and diabetes mellitus. 38 Nov 54

Normal red blood cells contain, in addition to the major hemoglobin (Hb A) some minor fractions as Hb A2 and glycosylated hemoglobins: Hb A1a, Hb A1b, Hb A1c. The study of the glycosylated hemoglobins has been greatly stimulated by the observation that their proportion was increased in diabetes mellitus. This paper sums up the more recent knowledge on the structure of the minor fractions, and mainly on Hb A1c. Biosynthesis of these hemoglobins is also considered. Since the glycosylated hemoglobins has raised a great interest, different techniques were designed for its assay: chemical, chromatographic and immunological techniques and isoelectric focusing. In this paper, these different methods are reviewed and compared.
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PMID:Hb A1c: a review on its structure, biosynthesis, clinical significance and methods of assay. 39 Dec 93

A study begun by a drug company and taken over by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) in 1970 attempted to assess the role of oral contraceptives in tumorigenesis and clotting abnormalities in animals. The study used ethynerone (MK 665) + mestranol; chloroethynyl norgestrel (Wy-4355) + mestranol; anagestone acetate + mestranol; ethynerone, and; mestranol administered at levels up to 25 times the human use level to female beagle dogs and 50 times the human use level to female rhesus monkeys. No behavioral changes related to compound or dose were observed in either species. Both species exhibited pharmacologic effects of hormone administration. Inhibition of the estrous cycle and vulvar enlargement were seen in all dosed dogs. Both species exhibited a dose-dependent, nonprogressive decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrits, with the anagestone acetate-mestranol combination showing the greatest effect. More nodules developed in the mammary glands of dogs who received the progestogen-mestranol combinations and who received ethynerone alone than control dogs. The 3 progestogen-mestranol combination showed the greatest tumorigenic effect as expressed by the number of dogs affected and by numbers of mammary nodules. This effect was dose-dependent for the ethynerone-mestranol and chloroethynyl norgestrel-mestranol combinations, but for the anagestone acetate-mestranol combination was maximal at the lower dose. A small number of dogs that received each progestogen-mestranol combination developed clinically malignant tumors; control dogs or dogs that received only mestranol or ethynerone were unaffected. In contrast, none of the drugs was associated with an increased incidence of mammary nodules in the monkeys. Some monkeys that received each drug showed ductal epithelial hyperplasia in mammary gland biopsies. Diabetes mellitus occurred in 10 dogs from the chloroethynyl norgestrel-mestranol and anagestone acetate-mestranol groups and in 3 monkeys from the ethynerone-mestranol high dose and anagestone acetate-mestranol high dose groups. Generalized cystic hyperplasia of the gallbladder mucosa was seen in a small number of dogs from the anagestone acetate-mestranol group. The suitability of the dog as test species for the tumorigenic and carcinogenic study of oral contraceptives is indicated.
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PMID:FDA studies of estrogen, progestogens, and estrogen/progestogen combinations in the dog and monkey. 41 41

Hemoglobin A1c is increased in patients with diabetes mellitus and its level reflects the status of blood glucose equilibrium over a period of several weeks. The practical use of its estimation was hampered by technical difficulties in investigating large series of samples. In order to apply this examination for routine purposes we describe in this paper acceleration and full automatization of the original chromatographic method allowing quantitation of hemoglobin A1c in 45 min.
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PMID:Quantitation of hemoglobin A1c: a rapid, automated precision-chromatography technique. 42 45

The role of metabolic abnormalities in the development of diabetic neuropathy is controversial. To investigate the influence of hyperglycemia on nerve conduction, we studied 20 untreated maturity-onset diabetic patients and 23 normal control subjects of similar age. Nerve conduction velocity of motor (median, peroneal, and tibial) and sensory (median and sural) nerves in diabetic patients was significantly slowed and H-reflex latency time prolonged. Levels of fasting plasma glucose in diabetic subjects were correlated with slowed motor conduction velocity of the median, peroneal, and tibial nerves but not with sensory nerve conduction velocities. Levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, an index of long-term glycemia, were correlated with slowing of peroneal motor conduction velocity in diabetic patients. These associations could not be explained by patient age or duration of diabetes. These findings suggest that the degree of hyperglycemia of untreated maturity-onset diabetes contributes to the motor nerve conduction abnormalities in this disease.
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PMID:Nerve conduction abnormalities in untreated maturity-onset diabetes: relation to levels of fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin. 42 98

The components of the hemoglobin-A1 fraction--hemoglobins A1a--c--arise from nonenzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin A at the beta-chain N-terminal amino groups and can be resolved from hemoglobin A by cation exchange chromatography. Glycosylation can also occur at the alpha-chain N-terminals as well as the epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues of both alpha- and beta-chains; this results in glycosylated species appearing in the hemoglobin-A fraction. In this study, we determined the extent of hemoglobin-A glycosylation using a colorimetric chemical method specific for the detection of ketoamine-linked hexoses in proteins. We demonstrate increased glycosylation of the main hemoglobin-A fraction in diabetic patients, which correlates significantly (r = 0.72, P less than 0.001) with the hemoglobin-A1 percentage determined by column chromatography in the corresponding hemolysates. This finding provides the basis for the application of this chemical procedure to the measurement of total glycosylation of hemoglobin.
Diabetes 1979 Apr
PMID:Glycosylated hemoglobins: increased glycosylation of hemoglobin A in diabetic patients. 43 73

We concurrently measured glycohemoglobin and performed 3-h oral (100 g) glucose tolerance tests on 69 ambulatory patients suspected of having abnormal carbohydrate metabolism. The patients were divided into two groups: (a) The 37 patients for whom the results were normal had plasma glucose concentrations of 0.70--1.15 milligram during fasting and 0.70--1.23 g/L 2 h after glucose ingestion. (b) Borderline diabetics exceeded one or both of these limits. The range of glycohemoglobin in the normal group was 3.0--4.7% of total hemoglobin. Of the 21 borderline diabetics, 11 had increased glycohemoglobin (4.8--8.0%). The difference in tolerance test results between borderline diabetics with and without increased glycohemoglobin was insufficient to predict the status of glycohemoglobin. We suggest a tentative definition for latent diabetes: increased glycohemoglobin in the presence of normal or borderline-abnormal glucose concentration in plasma collected during fasting.
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PMID:Glycohemoglobin and glucose tolerance tests compared as indicators of borderline diabetes. 44 24

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a minor component of human hemoglobin resulting from a non enzymatic linkage of glucose with the NH2-terminal amino acid of the beta chain of hemoglobin. Under normal conditions, HbA1c represent about 5% of total hemoglobin. The HbA1c blood concentration increases in direct proportion of the duration and degree of hyperglycemia. Available procedures for measuring HbA1c include column chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, a colorimetric procedure based on the formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and isoelectrofocusing. In a group of 138 patients, we have confirmed that HbA1c provides a useful means of evaluating the degree of diabetic control: the highest values have been recorded in cases of poor control, the lowest in cases of excellent control. In the latter case, the HbA1c values recorded were not statistically different from those obtained in a control group of 92 non-diabetic subjects. The interest of evaluating this parameter in diabetes is briefly analyzed.
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PMID:[Hemoglobin A1c and diabetes control (author's transl)]. 44 35

To evaluate hemoglobin AIc (Hb AIc) as an indicator of prolonged glucose control in pregnant diabetics, four groups of subjects were studied--16 pregnant diabetic, 13 pregnant nondiabetic, 12 nonpregnant diabetic, and 18 healthy control subjects. Hb AIc was significantly lower in the pregnant diabetic than in the nonpregnant diabetic subjects, 7.8% +/- 1.6 vs, 9.9% +/- 1.9 (mean +/- SD). No difference was present in the nondiabetic groups (4.0% +/- 0.7 vs. 4.3% +/- 0.8, respectively). Hb AIc correlated significantly with the average glucose concentrations of the preceding 60 days in both diabetic groups, suggesting that the lower concentration of Hb AIC in pregnant as compared with nonpregnant diabetic patients was because of better control of blood glucose. This was also borne out by the average of fasting glucose levels being 6.1 +/- 1.7 mmol/L in the pregnant diabetic and 10.7 +/- 2.2 mmol/l in the nonpregnant diabetic subjects.
Diabetes 1979 Jul
PMID:Hemoglobin AIc as an index of long-term blood glucose regulation in diabetic pregnancy. 44 24


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